sanguis Latin · revision 4834

+ {{infobox|confidence=disputed|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈsaŋ.ɡʷiːs], [ˈsaŋ.ɡʷɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈsaŋ.ɡʷis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''sanguī̆s''' ''m'' (genitive sanguinis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ An older neuter ''sanguen'' appears in Ennius, Cato, Varro and Lucretius.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Inscriptions also have an accusative ''sanguem''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*sangʷen-]], and its first part probably continues the oblique stem [[ine-pro|*h₁sh₂-én-]] of [[ine-pro|*h₁ésh₂r̥|t=blood]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) The rest is unexplained, and it is disputed whether [[m|la|sanguen]] is the oldest form or was remade after [[unguen]] “grease”.^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[hit|ešḫar|t=blood]], [[sa|असृज्|tr=ásr̥j-|t=blood]], [[grc|ἔαρ|tr=éar|t=blood]] and [[txb|yasar|t=blood]].^(de Vaan 2008) The Oxford Latin Dictionary calls it doubtful.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus speaks of sisters who suck men's blood.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Classical Latin it was blood in the body, blood shed in violence or in self-sacrifice, the lifeblood and life itself, and blood as the source of strength and vigour.^(OLD 2012) It was blood as the seat of instincts and of the emotions, and descent, kinship, family and race.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Döderlein contrasts it, the living blood in the body, with [[cruor]], blood flowing from a wound.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ In medieval Latin it was also one of the four humours of medicine, and was used in law.^(DMLBS) It survives as [[it|sangue]], [[es|sangre]], [[pt|sangue]] and [[ro|sânge]].^(Wiktionary) English ''sanguine'' comes from [[sanguineus]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses the neuter ''sanguen''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil speaks of pouring out one's last words with one's blood.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English ''sanguine'' is recorded, from ''sanguineus''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|Blood]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Blood shed in violence; [[m|en|bloodshed]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # Lifeblood, life; strength, vigour.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Blood as the seat of instincts or feelings.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Descent, kinship, family; a descendant.^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin, medicine)'' One of the four [[m|en|humour|alt=humours]].^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[exanguis]]

+ * [[exsanguis]]

+ * [[sanguiculus]]

+ * [[sanguilentus]]

+ * [[sanguinālis]]

+ * [[sanguinārius]]

+ * [[sanguinātio]]

+ * [[sanguineus]]

+ * [[sanguinō]]

+ * [[sanguinolentia]]

+ * [[sanguinolentus]]

+ * [[sanguinōsus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[cruor]]

+ * [[en|sanguine]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Isidore gives two explanations: one from a Greek word, because it keeps the body alive, the other from [[suāvis]] “sweet”.^(Isidore)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}