hostis Latin · revision 4769

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Twelve Tables|origins=ine-pro *gʰóstis}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈhɔs.tɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈɔs.tis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hostis''' ''m'' or f (genitive hostis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ An old form ''fostis'' is reported by Paul the Deacon's Festus.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*χosti-]], [[inh|ine-pro|*gʰosti-|t=stranger, guest]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Cognate with [[got|𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍃|tr=gasts|t=guest]], [[cu|гость|tr=gostĭ|t=guest]] and [[en|guest]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan finds a derivation from the root of [[sa|घस्|tr=ghas-|t=to eat]] unlikely.^(de Vaan 2008) Varro says it once meant a stranger.^(Wiktionary)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Twelve Tables use it in the sense “foreigner”.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler dates the Twelve Tables c. 450 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its first sense was a foreigner or stranger, as in the Twelve Tables and, according to Cicero, in the old language.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) It then became an enemy in war, a public enemy, a personal enemy, and an opponent of anything.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein contrasts [[adversārius]], any opponent, and [[inimīcus]], a personal enemy.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ In medieval Latin it was an incursion, any army, a fleet and warriors, and ''hostis antīquus'' was Satan.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(DMLBS) It survives as [[ro|oaste]] and [[es|hueste]].^(Wiktionary) Through Old French ''ost'' “army” it gave English ''host'' “multitude”, while ''host'' “one who receives guests” comes from [[hospes]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 450 BC – The Twelve Tables use it of a foreigner.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of a personal enemy.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-13th century – English ''host'' “army” is recorded, from Old French ''ost''.^(Etymonline)

+ * late 15th century – English ''hostile'' is recorded, from [[hostīlis]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(Old Latin)'' A [[m|en|foreigner]], stranger.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # An [[m|en|enemy]] (in war); a public enemy.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A personal enemy.^(OLD 2012)

+ # An opponent (of something).^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' An army; an incursion, ''hostis antīquus'', Satan.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[hosticapas]]

+ * [[hosticus]]

+ * [[hostifer]]

+ * [[hostificus]]

+ * [[hostīlis]]

+ * [[hospes]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|host]]

+ * [[en|hostile]]

+ * [[en|guest]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}