fallo Latin · revision 4761

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *sgʷʰh₂(e)l-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈfal.loː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈfal.lo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''fallō''' (present infinitive fallere, perfect active fefellī, supine falsum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ Petronius has a perfect passive participle ''fefellitus''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*fal-s-e/o-]], [[inh|ine-pro|*sgʷʰh₂(e)l-n-|t=to stumble]].^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[sa|स्खलति|tr=skhalate|t=stumbles, fails]], [[grc|σφάλλω|tr=sphállō|t=to bring down, trip up]] and [[hy|սխալեմ|tr=sxalem|t=to stumble, fail]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) De Vaan takes the perfect [[m|la|fefellī]] as a recent formation built on the present.^(de Vaan 2008) The Oxford Latin Dictionary calls the origin doubtful.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus uses it of deceiving a father.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Georges gives the physical sense “to make slip”, as in Livy's ice that tripped the feet.^(Georges 1913) In Classical Latin it was mainly to deceive or trick someone, of persons, of the senses and of things, and in the passive or impersonally to be mistaken (''nisi mē fallit'' “unless I am wrong”).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It also meant to disappoint a hope, to break a promise or oath, and to escape notice, as in Ovid's work that escapes the eye.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In medieval Latin it kept the sense “to deceive”, and in German sources it was also used of dues falling to someone.^(MLW) Through Vulgar Latin forms it gave French ''faute'' and English ''fault'', and its participle [[falsus]] gave English ''false''.^(Etymonline)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of deceiving.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero speaks of deceiving a partner.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 13th century – English ''fault'' is recorded, through Old French ''faute''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|deceive]], trick, mislead.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # In the passive or reflexive, to be mistaken, ''mē fallit'', I am wrong.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of things, to mislead; to give way under (someone).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|disappoint]] (a hope or expectation); to fail to keep (a promise).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To swear falsely by (a god).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To escape the notice of; to be unseen.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[fallāx]]

+ * [[falsārius]]

+ * [[falsiloquus]]

+ * [[falsimōnia]]

+ * [[falsiparēns]]

+ * [[falsitās]]

+ * [[falsō]]

+ * [[falsum]]

+ * [[perfalsus]]

+ * [[refellō]]

+ * [[fallēns]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[fallācia]]

+ * [[fallāciloquus]]

+ * [[fallāciōsus]]

+ * [[fallācitās]]

+ * [[fallāciter]]

+ * [[falsātiō]]

+ * [[falsātus]]

+ * [[falsidicentia]]

+ * [[falsificātus]]

+ * [[falsus]]

+ * [[en|false]]

+ * [[en|fault]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein says that ''fallere'' deceives by false views, while [[frustror]] deceives expectations.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}