pungo Latin · revision 4754

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=Naevius}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈpʊŋ.ɡoː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈpuŋ.ɡo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''pungō''' (present infinitive pungere, perfect active pupugī or pepugī, supine pūnctum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ The perfect is ''pupugī'' and also ''pepugī''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*pung-|t=to pierce, sting]], [[inh|ine-pro|*pu-n(e)-g/k-]], a nasal present.^(de Vaan 2008) Related words are [[pugnus]] “fist” and [[pugil]] “boxer”, and cognates [[grc|πύξ|tr=púx|t=with the fist]], [[grc|πυγμή|tr=pugmḗ|t=fist]] and [[grc|πεύκη|tr=peúkē|t=pine]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan thinks a separate root [[ine-pro|*pug-]] “fist” may underlie ''pugnus''.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Naevius uses it of being stabbed in the hand with a stylus.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler dates Naevius c. 235–200 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Classical Latin it was to prick or puncture, to make a wound by pricking, and to mark with dots, ''tempore pūnctō'' was “in a moment”.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Figuratively it was to sting, vex or trouble someone.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) Döderlein says it is to thrust with a pointed tool to wound or cause pain.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ Its participle [[pūnctum]] became “point”, and with the verb it gave English ''point''.^(Etymonline) It survives as [[it|pungere]], [[fr|poindre]] and [[ro|împunge]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius uses it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero speaks of a wound made by a needle.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1200 – English ''point'' is recorded, from Old French, from ''pūnctum''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|prick]], [[m|en|puncture]], [[m|en|sting]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To mark with dots.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''Tempore pūnctō'', in a moment.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To vex, trouble, sting (the mind).^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[compungō]]

+ * [[dēpungō]]

+ * [[dispungō]]

+ * [[expungō]]

+ * [[impunctus]]

+ * [[interpungō]]

+ * [[prōpungō]]

+ * [[pūgiō]]

+ * [[puncta]]

+ * [[pūnctātim]]

+ * [[pūnctim]]

+ * [[pūnctiō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[pugnus]]

+ * [[pugil]]

+ * [[en|point]]

+ * [[en|punch]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}