animus Latin · revision 4699

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *h₂enh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈa.nɪ.mʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈaː.ni.mus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''animus''' ''m'' (genitive animī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*anamo-|t=breath, spirit]], [[inh|ine-pro|*h₂enh₁-mo-|t=breath]], from the root [[ine-pro|*h₂enh₁-|t=to breathe]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Cognate with [[osc|anamúm|t=breath, spirit]], [[sga|anim|t=soul]], [[grc|ἄνεμος|tr=ánemos|t=wind]] and [[hy|հողմ|tr=hołm|t=wind]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus uses it.^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Classical Latin it was the mind or soul as opposed to the body, and the element of air as the principle of life.^(OLD 2012) It was the seat of consciousness, thought, attention and intention (''in animō habēre'' “to intend”), of desire and will, and of feelings such as grief, pleasure, anger, pride and courage.^(OLD 2012) It also meant a person's disposition and character, as Ennius' “o devotion of mind”.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein says [[anima]] is the soul as the principle of life, which ceases with the breath, while ''animus'' is the soul as the seat of thought and will.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ In medieval Latin it was the mind, the spirit and the inner self, and character, courage, pride, purpose or animosity.^(MLW)^(DMLBS) It was borrowed as [[it|animo]] and [[es|ánimo]].^(Wiktionary) English ''animosity'' comes from [[animōsus]], and English borrowed ''animus'' in 1820.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of the mind.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of grief and of character.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 15th century – English ''animosity'' is recorded, first as “bravery”.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1820 – English ''animus'' is recorded as “temper”.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The [[m|en|mind]], soul, as opposed to the body.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # The principle of life, life.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The mind as the seat of thought, attention, intention, ''in animō habēre'', to intend.^(OLD 2012)

+ # The seat of desire, will.^(OLD 2012)

+ # The seat of feelings; feelings, attitude.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|Anger]], [[m|en|animosity]] (usually plural).^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|Pride]]; [[m|en|courage]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # Disposition, character.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[anima]]

+ * [[animaequus]]

+ * [[animitus]]

+ * [[animōsus]]

+ * [[animulus]]

+ * [[aequanimis]]

+ * [[aequanimus]]

+ * [[flexanimus]]

+ * [[longanimis]]

+ * [[magnanimis]]

+ * [[magnanimus]]

+ * [[multanimis]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[animō]]

+ * [[anhēlus]]

+ * [[en|animus]]

+ * [[en|animosity]]

+ * [[en|animal]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}