durus Latin · revision 4664

+ {{infobox|confidence=disputed|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈduː.rʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈduː.rus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dūrus''' (feminine dūra, neuter dūrum, comparative dūrior, superlative dūrissimus, adverb dūrē or dūriter); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*dūro-]], and de Vaan derives it from [[ine-pro|*du(e)h₂-ro-|t=far, long]], with a shift from “lasting long” to “hard”; the verb [[dūrō]] “to harden, last” bridges the senses.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Cognate on this view with [[sa|दूर|tr=dūrá|t=far, long]] and [[grc|δηρός|tr=dērós|t=long]], though Wiktionary notes the semantic problems.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) The Oxford Latin Dictionary and the Thesaurus prefer [[m|la|*drū-ros]], related to [[sga|dron|t=firm]], [[ang|trum|t=firm, strong]] and [[sa|दारुण|tr=dāruṇá|t=hard, harsh]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus uses it.^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Classical Latin it was hard to the touch, firm or solid, as Lucretius' hard iron, and harsh to the taste, as Cato's dark harsh wine.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Of people it meant hardy and robust, as Cicero's brave and hardy Spartans, unfeeling or stubborn, harsh and pitiless, as Terence's strict father, and austere.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In medieval Latin it kept the senses “hard, firm”; in music it was used of a note that is not softened, and in anatomy of the ''dūra māter'', the outer membrane of the brain.^(DMLBS) It survives as [[it|duro]], [[fr|dur]], [[es|duro]] and [[ro|dur]].^(Wiktionary) English ''dour'' probably comes directly from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence has a father say he was harsh enough.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-14th century – English ''dour'' is recorded in Scots and northern English.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|Hard]], firm, solid.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Harsh (to the taste).^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|Hardy]], robust.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Unfeeling, stubborn.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Harsh, pitiless; strict, [[m|en|austere]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' ''Dūra māter'', the outer membrane of the brain.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dūracinus]]

+ * [[dureo]]

+ * [[dūricorius]]

+ * [[dūritās]]

+ * [[dūritiēs]]

+ * [[dūritūdō]]

+ * [[dūriusculus]]

+ * [[dūrō]]

+ * [[ēdūrus]]

+ * [[perdūrus]]

+ * [[praedūrus]]

+ * [[subdūrus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dūrābilis]]

+ * [[dūrābilitās]]

+ * [[dūrābiliter]]

+ * [[dūrāmen]]

+ * [[dūrāmentum]]

+ * [[dūrātor]]

+ * [[dūrātrīx]]

+ * [[dūrē]]

+ * [[dūrēscō]]

+ * [[dūriter]]

+ * [[en|dour]]

+ * [[en|endure]]

+ * [[en|during]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}