respond English · revision 4653

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1300|origins=la respondere}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: UK /rɪˈspɒnd/, US /rɪˈspɑːnd/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|enm|respounden]], [[bor|xno|respundre]], [[bor|fro|respondre|t=to respond, correspond]],^(Etymonline)^(MWU 2024) and directly from [[la|respondēre|t=to answer, promise in return, correspond]],^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988) from re- “back” and spondēre “to pledge, promise”.^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(Hoad 1986) It is related to [[response]], [[responsible]], [[sponsor]] and [[spouse]].^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ To answer or reply: about 1300 in Barnhart and Etymonline.^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The modern spelling and pronunciation date from about 1600.^(Etymonline) The noun respond came first in several sources: a responsory in church (1387) and, in architecture, a half-pillar attached to a wall (1448).^(OED 1989)^(Hoad 1986) The NODE dates the verb in its modern use to the mid 16th century, and the OED's verb senses are from 1588 on: to correspond to something (1591), and to answer in words (1719).^(NODE 1998)^(OED 1989) Making a liturgical response is from the 17th century.^(Etymonline) To react to a stimulus or to treatment, and to react favourably, are later senses.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023) In bridge, to make a bid in reply to one's partner is from 1958.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1300 – to answer.^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)

+ * 1387 – noun, a responsory.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1448 – noun, a half-pillar.^(OED 1989)

+ * c. 1600 – the modern spelling.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1719 – to reply in words.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1958 – in bridge.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To say or write something as an [[answer]].^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # To act in reply or [[react]]: ''respond to a challenge''.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # To react favourably, as to treatment.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(architecture)'' A half-pillar attached to a wall to support an arch.^(OED 1989)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[responder]]

+ * [[overrespond]]

+ * [[respondence]]

+ * [[unresponding]]

+ * [[responsive]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[response]]

+ * [[responsible]]

+ * [[responsibility]]

+ * [[responsiveness]]

+ * [[responsa]]

+ * [[sponsor]]

+ * [[spouse]]

+ * [[correspond]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}