taxo Latin · revision 4630

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=Seneca|origins=la tangō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈtak.soː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈtak.so]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''taxō''' (present infinitive taxāre, perfect active taxāvī, supine taxātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|tangō|-tō|t1=to touch]], a frequentative.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Etymonline) Gellius explains that it means to touch more firmly and more often than [[m|la|tangere]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Wiktionary suggests it continues an ''s''-present of the root [[ine-pro|*teh₂g-|t=to touch]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Seneca, in his Letters, tells Lucilius to measure the evil and rate his fear.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Seneca 4 BC–65 AD.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its literal sense, to touch sharply or handle, is rare and known mainly from Gellius and Macrobius.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) Figuratively it meant to censure or criticize, as Suetonius and Pliny the Elder use it, and to assess or value: Seneca tells Lucilius to measure the evil and rate his fear.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) It also meant to assess a sum, in the land-surveyors.^(OLD 2012) The adverb [[dumtaxat]] “only, at least” contains it.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In medieval Latin it meant to tax, impose a tax.^(Wiktionary) Its descendants include [[it|tassare]] and [[fro|taxer]].^(Wiktionary) [[en|tax]] is recorded around 1300, and [[en|task]] in the early 14th century, from a Vulgar Latin metathesis of Medieval Latin ''taxa''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca uses it of rating one's fear.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder uses it of censure.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 165 AD – Gellius explains its relation to ''tangō''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1300 – English ''tax'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To touch sharply, handle.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To censure, reproach, [[m|en|criticize]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To assess, value, rate.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To reckon, estimate a sum.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' To [[m|en|tax]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[retaxō]]

+ * [[taxātiō]]

+ * [[taxātor]]

+ * [[taxim]]

+ * [[dumtaxat]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[tango|alt=tangō]]

+ * [[en|tax]]

+ * [[en|task]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A different, Late Latin word is ''taxō, taxōnis'' “badger”, from [[frk|*þahs]], recorded from Polemius Silvius, the source of Spanish ''tejón''.^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}