martyr Latin · revision 4603
15 Oct 2026, 23:54 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=Tertullian|origins=grc μάρτυς}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈmar.tyr]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈmar.tir]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''martyr''' ''m'' or f (genitive martyris); third declension^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is [[bor|grc|μάρτυρ|tr=mártur|t=witness]], a later form of [[m|grc|μάρτυς|tr=mártus|t=witness]].^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Köbler traces the Greek to [[ine-pro|*smer-|t=to remember, care]].^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ Tertullian, in On the Soul, calls Perpetua the bravest martyr.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Köbler dates Tertullian c. 160–220 AD.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ Its sense was a witness, and in Church Latin one who bears witness to the Christian faith by dying for it, a martyr, man or woman.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) Prudentius greets the Holy Innocents as the flowers of the martyrs, and the Vulgate's Apocalypse speaks of the blood of the martyrs of Jesus.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) Augustine uses it often.^(Köbler 2010) Inscriptions have the genitive plural ''martyrōrum''.^(Georges 1913)
+
+ In medieval Latin it was a martyr.^(Niermeyer 1976) British writers knew its Greek meaning, glossing it as ''testis'' “witness”.^(DMLBS) [[en|martyr]] is recorded in late Old English.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 160–220 AD – Tertullian calls Perpetua a martyr.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 354–430 AD – Augustine uses it.^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 348/49–c. 413 AD – Prudentius uses it of the Holy Innocents.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * late Old English – English ''martyr'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Noun===
+ # A witness.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(DMLBS)
+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' A [[m|en|martyr]].^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[martyrizō]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[martyrium]]
+ * [[en|martyr]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}