orange English · revision 4234

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1380|origins=sa नारङ्ग}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: UK /ˈɒr.ɪndʒ/, US /ˈɔːr.ɪndʒ/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|enm|orenge]], orange,^(Barnhart 1988)^(MWU 2024) [[bor|fro|orenge]], in pome d'orenge (modern French orange),^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(Hoad 1986) and Medieval Latin pomum de orenge,^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988) which the American Heritage traces to Old Italian melarancio, from mela “fruit” and arancio “orange tree”,^(AHD 2000) and Merriam-Webster to Old Occitan auranja.^(MW Collegiate) These are from [[ar|نَارَنْج|tr=nāranj]],^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(Wiktionary) from [[fa|نَارَنْگ|tr=nārang]],^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(Hoad 1986)^(Wiktionary) from [[sa|नारङ्ग|tr=nāraṅga|t=orange tree]],^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(Wiktionary) a word of uncertain origin, possibly Dravidian.^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(AHD 2000) The initial n- was probably lost by confusion with the indefinite article, as in une narange, unlike Spanish naranja, which kept it;^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988) the vowel may have been influenced by French or “gold” and by the town of [[Orange]], through which oranges were shipped north.^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(AHD 2000)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The fruit: probably about 1380 in Barnhart,^(Barnhart 1988) the late 14th century in Etymonline,^(Etymonline) and as a surname from 1296.^(Barnhart 1988)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The orange tree probably came from northern India or southeast Asia.^(Etymonline)^(Cresswell 2021) The Arabs brought the bitter Seville orange to Sicily and Spain in the Middle Ages,^(Cresswell 2021)^(AHD 2000) and in the 15th and 16th centuries Portuguese traders brought the sweet orange from India or China, which displaced the bitter one;^(Etymonline)^(Cresswell 2021) Modern Greek still calls the sweet orange portokali “Portuguese”.^(Etymonline) The word was not used as a colour in English until the 1510s, in orange colour;^(Etymonline) reddish-yellow colours had been called citrine or saffron.^(Etymonline) The adjective is from 1542,^(Barnhart 1988)^(MW Collegiate) by 1620 used freely, as in “orange tawny”.^(Barnhart 1988) ''Orange juice'' is from 1723,^(Etymonline) and the game of ''oranges and lemons'', naming the bells of London churches, is recorded from the early 19th century.^(Cresswell 2021)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1296 – as a surname.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * c. 1380 – the fruit.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1510s – the colour.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1542 – adjective.^(Barnhart 1988)^(MW Collegiate)

+ * 1615 – the orange tree.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1723 – ''orange juice''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A round fruit with a reddish-yellow rind and a juicy, sectioned pulp.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)

+ # The evergreen [[citrus]] tree that bears it.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)

+ # The colour between red and yellow in the spectrum.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)

+ # ''(British)'' An orange-flavoured drink.^(OED 1989)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of the colour orange.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[orangeade]]

+ * [[orangish]]

+ * [[orangery]]

+ * [[orangewood]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Orange as the name of the Dutch dynasty, to which William III of England belonged, is from the town of Orange on the Rhône, and gave the Orange lodges, Orangemen and Orange colours of Irish Protestantism in the late 18th century.^(Hoad 1986)^(MWU 2024)^(SOED 2002)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}