toga Latin · revision 4222

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Titinius|origins=ine-pro *(s)teg-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈtɔ.ɡa]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈtɔː.ɡa]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''toga''' ''f'' (genitive togae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*togā]], [[inh|ine-pro|*togéh₂|t=cover]], from [[ine-pro|*(s)teg-|t=to cover]], the root of [[tego|alt=tegō]].^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) The OLD and Lewis & Short connect it with ''tegō''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Isidore of Seville derived the name from the garment covering the body.^(Isidore)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The comic poet Titinius uses it in the general sense of clothing, a country garment.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) Köbler dates Titinius to the end of the 2nd or start of the 1st century BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Early on it was any covering: Varro says that the toga was once worn by day and night by men and women alike, and the grammarian Nonius records the sense of a roof.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) In Classical times it was the formal outer garment of freeborn Roman men, a roughly semicircular woollen cloth.^(OLD 2012) The plain white ''toga virilis'' was taken by young men coming of age, the purple-bordered ''toga praetexta'' by magistrates and priests, the embroidered ''toga picta'' by triumphing generals, the chalked ''toga candida'' by candidates for office, and a dark one in mourning.^(OLD 2012)^(OLD 2012) Prostitutes wore it, as the stola was denied to them.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ The toga stood for peace and civilian life, as in Cicero's line ''cedant arma togae'' “let arms yield to the toga”, and for Roman citizenship.^(OLD 2012)^(Isidore) In medieval British Latin it was a robe or gown.^(DMLBS) English borrowed the word around 1600 for the Roman garment.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * end of the 2nd century BC – Titinius uses it of a country garment.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero writes ''cedant arma togae''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 560–636 AD – Isidore of Seville explains the name from covering the body.^(Isidore)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1600 – Borrowed into English as [[m|en|toga]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # In general, clothing, a covering; a roof.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # The [[m|en|toga]], the formal outer garment of freeborn Roman men.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # With adjectives, special kinds of toga: ''toga virilis'' (of manhood), ''toga praetexta'' (with a purple border), ''toga picta'' (of a triumphing general), ''toga candida'' (of a candidate).^(OLD 2012)

+ # Figuratively, peace, civilian life, public speaking in the courts.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The Roman nation or character.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A robe, gown.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[togālis]]

+ * [[togātus]]

+ * [[togula]]

+ * [[epitogium]]

+ * [[togāta]]

+ * [[togātārius]]

+ * [[togātulus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[tego|alt=tegō]]

+ * [[tectum]]

+ * [[en|toga]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Isidore notes that Romans wore the toga in peace and the military cloak in war.^(Isidore)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}