violentia Latin · revision 4217

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=la vīs}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [wi.ɔˈɫɛn.ti.a]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [vi.oˈlɛn.t͡si.a]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''violentia''' ''f'' (genitive violentiae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|violentus|-ia|t1=violent]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Köbler traces it to [[vis|alt=vīs]] “force”.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus uses it of someone dragging a girl from Venus' altar ''vī, violentiā'' “by force and violence”.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It was the unreasonable use of force against others, as Cicero's unbridled violence of a new man, and a violent, fierce character.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) It was also destructive force in nature, the violence of wine in Lucretius, of fire, the sun in Pliny or winter in Columella.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Quintilian contrasts it with [[vis|alt=vīs]], saying that what some call force is rather violence.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ In medieval British Latin it was harmful physical force, and also rape.^(DMLBS) The law codes use ''violentia expeditionis'' for force of war.^(Köbler 2010) English ''violence'' is recorded in the late 13th century.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of force.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it of the force of wine.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 35–95/96 AD – Quintilian contrasts it with ''vīs''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 13th century – English ''violence'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|violence]], unreasonable force used against others.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A violent or fierce character; [[m|en|vehemence]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # Destructive force of natural things, such as fire, wine or the sun.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' An act of violence; rape.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[violēns]]

+ * [[violo|alt=violō]]

+ * [[vis|alt=vīs]]

+ * [[en|violence]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}