cognatus Latin · revision 4156

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *ǵenh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [kɔŋˈnaː.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [koɲˈɲaː.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cognātus''' (feminine cognāta, neuter cognātum); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|con-|gnātus|t2=born]], ''gnātus'' being the old form of [[natus|alt=nātus]], the participle of [[nascor|alt=nāscor]] “to be born”.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Georges 1913) ''Gnātus'' continues [[itc-pro|*gnātos]], from [[ine-pro|*ǵn̥h₁tós]], from [[ine-pro|*ǵenh₁-|t=to beget]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's first source for the noun is Plautus, and Terence uses it of a woman who is a close relation.^(Köbler 2010)^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus about 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant related by birth, and as a noun a blood relation on either the father's or the mother's side, a wider term than ''agnatus'', which was a relation in the male line.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) It also meant belonging to kinsmen, as Catullus' line about a grave not laid near kindred ashes, and Virgil's kindred cities.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Figuratively it meant akin or having affinity, as in Cicero's Timaeus and of words fitting the things they name.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ The Vulgate uses ''cognati'' of fellow members of a people, as Paul of the Israelites, his kinsmen according to the flesh.^(TLL) Medieval Latin used it of relations by marriage, a brother-in-law, nephew or cousin.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(DMLBS)^(Köbler 2010) It survives in [[es|cuñado]] and [[pt|cunhado]] “brother-in-law” and [[ro|cumnat]].^(Wiktionary) English ''cognate'' is recorded in the 1640s, first of people related by birth.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses the noun.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of a relative.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81/79–52/50 BC – Catullus uses it of a family's tombs.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 390–406 AD – The Vulgate uses it of fellow Israelites.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1640s – English ''cognate'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Related by birth, [[m|en|kindred]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of or belonging to kinsmen.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Akin, related, similar.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # A blood relation, [[m|en|kinsman]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A relation by marriage, a [[m|en|brother-in-law]]; a nephew or cousin.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[cōgnāta]]

+ * [[cognātiō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[agnātus]]

+ * [[en|cognate]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}