aes Latin · revision 3995

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Laws of the Twelve Tables|origins=ine-pro *h₂éyos}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈae̯s]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈɛs]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''aes''' ''n'' (genitive aeris); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*ajos]], [[inh|ine-pro|*h₂éyos|t=bronze, metal]], with an oblique stem [[m|itc-pro|*ajes-]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Cognate with [[xum|ahesnes|t=bronze (ablative plural adjective)]] and [[osc|αιζνιω|tr=aizniō|t=made of bronze]], with [[got|𐌰𐌹𐌶|tr=aiz|t=bronze]], [[sa|अयस्|tr=áyas|t=metal, iron]] and [[ae|aiiah|t=metal]].^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan notes that it is not entirely clear how the attested form came from the Proto-Italic form, since there are no exact parallels, and suggests that the nominative was remade on the oblique stem and stayed uncontracted.^(de Vaan 2008) The adjective [[aenus|alt=a(h)ēnus]] “made of bronze” is derived from it, and its spelling with ⟨h⟩ has been explained as borrowed from Umbrian.^(de Vaan 2008) Isidore of Seville says it was named for its shine.^(Isidore)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan's first attestation is the Laws of the Twelve Tables, with the ablative ''aired'' in an early inscription.^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler dates the Twelve Tables to about 450 BC.^(Köbler 2010) An early tragic fragment lists iron, bronze, silver and gold among the metals hidden in the earth.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its first sense is copper, bronze or brass as a metal.^(OLD 2012) Because the earliest Roman coinage was of copper or bronze, it came to mean money of that metal, as in ''aes grave'' “heavy bronze coinage”, then money in general and monetary value.^(OLD 2012) ''Aes alienum'', literally “another's money”, was the regular term for a debt, already in Plautus.^(OLD 2012) It also meant a fee or fare paid for a service.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ By metonymy it named things made of bronze: cymbals, trumpets, statues and vases, and the bronze tablets on which laws were inscribed, as when Cicero speaks of the bronze tablets of the laws melted down.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Isidore notes that bronze was known to the ancients before iron, and that they ploughed and fought with it.^(Isidore) In medieval Latin it kept the senses of money, coins and debt and was also used of a bell, a trumpet and armour.^(Köbler 2010) The Late Latin chronological term [[aera]], from which English ''era'' comes, is probably the plural of this word, used of counters for calculation.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 450 BC – The Laws of the Twelve Tables use it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus has ''aes alienum'' “debt”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the bronze tablets of the laws.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 560–636 AD – Isidore of Seville discusses the metal and its name.^(Isidore)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1610s – English ''aera'', later ''era'', is recorded from its Late Latin derivative.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|copper]], [[m|en|bronze]] or [[m|en|brass]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Copper or bronze as currency, ''aes grave'', heavy bronze coinage.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|money]] in general, cash; monetary value.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''aes alienum'', a [[m|en|debt]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|fee]] or fare.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # An object made of bronze: a trumpet, cymbal, weapon or vessel.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # A work of art in bronze, a statue.^(OLD 2012)

+ # An inscribed bronze tablet.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[aereus]]

+ * [[aēneus]]

+ * [[aera]]

+ * [[aeracius]]

+ * [[aerārius]]

+ * [[aerātus]]

+ * [[aerifer]]

+ * [[aerificē]]

+ * [[aeripēs]]

+ * [[aerisonus]]

+ * [[aerō]]

+ * [[aerōsus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[aerāria]]

+ * [[aerārium]]

+ * [[aerūginō]]

+ * [[aerūginōsus]]

+ * [[en|era]]

+ * [[en|ore]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}