internal English · revision 3986

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1425|origins=la internus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: UK /ɪnˈtɜː.nəl/, US /ɪnˈtɝː.nəl/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|enm|internalle]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(MW Collegiate) [[bor|la-med|internālis]],^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(SOED 2002) or Middle French internel,^(Barnhart 1988) from [[la|internus|t=within, inward; domestic]],^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(Hoad 1986) expanded from pre-Latin *interos, from [[ine-pro|*h₁én-ter|alt=*en-ter-|t=within, between]],^(Etymonline) a comparative form of the root *en “in”,^(Etymonline) the source also of Sanskrit antar “within” and German unter.^(Etymonline) It is related to [[inter-]], [[interior]] and [[intern]].^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(Hoad 1986)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Of a sea, “extending toward the interior” of a continent: before 1425, in a translation of Higden's Polychronicon,^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline) the early 15th century in Etymonline.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ “Of the mind or soul, inward” is from 1509,^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989) and “situated within” from the 1590s,^(Etymonline) first in Spenser's Faerie Queene (1590).^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989) “Pertaining to the inner nature of a thing” is from 1607.^(OED 1989) Of the domestic affairs of a country, as in ''internal revenue'', it is from 1795.^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989) Of a medicine taken internally it is from 1799,^(OED 1989) and of a student who studied at a university's colleges, as against an external one, from 1898.^(OED 1989) ''Internal combustion'' engines followed in the late 19th century,^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate) and the ''internal clock'' is from 1960.^(OED 1989) ''Internalize'' is American, from 1884.^(Barnhart 1988)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1425 – extending inland.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1509 – of the mind.^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989)

+ * 1590 – situated within.^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989)

+ * 1795 – of domestic affairs.^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989)

+ * 1884 – ''internalize''.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1960 – ''internal clock''.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Situated or existing within; inner.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)

+ # Belonging to the essential nature of something; [[intrinsic]].^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)

+ # Within the body, or acting on it from within: ''internal bleeding''.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)

+ # Of the mind or spirit.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)

+ # Of the domestic affairs of a nation: ''internal trade''.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)

+ # Within an organization: ''an internal inquiry''.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[internality]]

+ * [[internally]]

+ * [[internalize]]

+ * [[internalise]]

+ * [[internal iliac artery]]

+ * [[internal combustion engine]]

+ * [[internal energy]]

+ * [[internal medicine]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[inter-]]

+ * [[interior]]

+ * [[intern]]

+ * [[external]]

+ * [[entrails]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}