extraction English · revision 39573

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1477, W. Caxton, History of Jason|origins=la trahō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɪkˈstɹækʃən/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|enm|extraccioun]],^(MWU 2024)^(Dictionary.com 2016) [[bor|frm|extraction]],^(OED 2026)^(Klein 1966)^(SOED 2002) which comes from [[la-lat|extractiō]] (the OED calls it medieval Latin), a noun of action formed on [[m|la|extractus]], the past participle of [[m|la|extrahō|t=to draw out]].^(OED 2026)^(MWU 2024)^(ODE 2010) That verb is made of [[m|la|ex-|t=out]] and [[m|la|trahō|t=to draw]].^(Etymonline)^(ODE 2010) Old French also had a semi-popular form [[m|fro|estraction]],^(OED 2026) recorded in the 12th century in the sense "extraction, origin".^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Descent, lineage: 1477, in Caxton's translation of Le Fèvre's ''History of Jason''.^(OED 2026) Etymonline dates the sense "process of drawing out" to the early 15th century and the lineage sense to the late 15th,^(Etymonline) and Merriam-Webster dates the word to the 15th century;^(MWU 2024) Dictionary.com gives 1375–1425.^(Dictionary.com 2016)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The physical sense, pulling something out by mechanical means, is found from 1530,^(OED 2026) and the act of drawing a tooth is the commonest single use today.^(SOED 2002)^(Collins 2023) Arithmetic took up the word for finding the root of a number (1557, in Robert Recorde),^(OED 2026) and chemistry for obtaining a substance from a compound by heat or pressure (1605); for about a century ''extraction'' could also mean the substance obtained, an extract, or a passage copied out of a book.^(OED 2026)^(SOED 2002) Johnson (1755) defined it chiefly in this chemical sense, as drawing out the principal substance of a compound.^(Johnson 1755) A brief sense "inference, deduction" (1622) died out.^(OED 2026)^(SOED 2002) The lineage sense survives in phrases giving a person's origin by nationality,^(Collins 2023)^(MWU 2024) and in mining and milling the word also names the proportion of ore, metal or flour recovered.^(MWU 2024)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * early 15th century – drawing something out, in Etymonline's dating.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1477 – descent, lineage.^(OED 2026)

+ * 1530 – pulling or taking out by mechanical means.^(OED 2026)

+ * 1557 – (mathematics) extracting a root.^(OED 2026)

+ * 1594 – something extracted (until 1670).^(OED 2026)

+ * 1605 – obtaining a substance by a chemical process.^(OED 2026)

+ * 1622 – an inference (obsolete).^(OED 2026)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The act or process of drawing or taking something out: ''the extraction of oil from olives''.^(Collins 2023)^(MWU 2024)

+ # The pulling out of a [[tooth]] or teeth.^(Collins 2023)^(SOED 2002)

+ # Origin by birth; [[descent]], [[ancestry]]: ''a family of Polish extraction''.^(Collins 2023)^(MWU 2024)^(SOED 2002)

+ # (mining, milling) The proportion of metal, mineral or flour obtained from the raw material.^(MWU 2024)

+ # (obsolete) Something extracted; an [[extract]].^(MWU 2024)^(SOED 2002)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[nonextraction]]

+ * [[overextraction]]

+ * [[preextraction]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[extract]]

+ * [[tract]]

+ * [[attraction]]

+ * [[distraction]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}