musculus Latin · revision 3934

15 Oct 2026, 20:38 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *muHs}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈmuːs.kʊ.ɫʊs]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈmus.ku.lus]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''mūsculus''' ''m'' (genitive mūsculī); second declension^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is [[af|la|mūs|-culus|t1=mouse]], a diminutive.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) ''Mūs'' is [[m|itc-pro|*mūs]], from [[ine-pro|*muHs|t=mouse]].^(de Vaan 2008) The sense “muscle” is named after the shape of a muscle; de Vaan notes that the sense “mussel” may also come from “mouse”.^(de Vaan 2008)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ Plautus lists “shells, sea nettles, mussels”.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant a little mouse, as Cicero's men sprung from the earth like mice from the fields.^(OLD 2012) It was the name of sea creatures, the mussel, as in Plautus and Celsus, and a small fish that accompanies the whale in Pliny.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+ 
+ In anatomy it meant a muscle, as in Celsus, and figuratively the sinews of a speech in Pliny the Younger.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) In siege warfare it was a mantelet, a covered shelter, as in Caesar.^(OLD 2012) Isidore explains the name of the siege shed as if from ''murus'', “wall”.^(Isidore) English ''muscle'' was borrowed in the late 14th century, and ''mussel'' comes from Late Latin ''muscula''.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of mussels.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of mice.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it of a siege shelter.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 14–37 AD – Celsus uses it of muscles.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * late 14th century – English ''muscle'' is borrowed.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Noun===
+ # A little [[m|en|mouse]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)
+ # A [[m|en|mussel]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)
+ # A fish that accompanies the whale.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)
+ # ''(anatomy)'' A [[m|en|muscle]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)
+ # ''(military)'' A [[m|en|mantelet]], siege shelter.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)
+ # A small boat.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[mūsculōsus]]
+ * [[*muscelliō]]
+ * [[mūsculāris]]
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[mus]]
+ * [[en|muscle]]
+ * [[en|mussel]]
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}