marina Italian · revision 39321

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=12th–13th century, Leggenda di Santa Caterina|origins=la mare}}

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+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /maˈri.na/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''marina''' ''f'' (plural marine)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[der|it|marino|t=of the sea]]: the feminine of the adjective, used as a noun.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) The adjective is [[inh|la|marīnus|t=of the sea]], from [[m|la|mare|t=sea]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(Wiktionary) The same noun is [[oc|marina]], [[ca|marina]], [[es|marina]] and [[pt|marinha]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935)

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+ The sense “navy” came in the 19th century, after [[fr|marine]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(DEI|2368)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record is in the northern ''Leggenda di Santa Caterina'' (12th–13th century), with ''marina'' for the stretch of sea along a land: the saint lived in Alexandria ''ultra la marina''.^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI) Bono Giamboni, before 1292, uses it for the land along the sea.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Old Italian ''marina'' meant the sea, often the sea near the coast;^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI) Dante, waking at dawn in the ''Purgatorio'', sees from afar ''il tremolar de la marina'' “the trembling of the sea”.^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI) It also meant the coast and a town that grew up on it, as in ''Marina di Pisa''.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) From the 15th century a ''marina'' is a painting of the sea (Ghiberti, before 1455).^(DELI 1999)

+

+ From the 17th century the word took in the ships and equipment of a state (1653), and in the 19th century the navy and merchant fleet as a body, a sense the purists wanted to replace with ''marineria''.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010) English took ''marina'' in the sense “seashore” in 1798; in the United States it came to mean a small harbour for yachts (1934), and that sense returned to Italian.^(DIFIT)^(GRADIT 2003)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 12th–13th century – The ''Leggenda di Santa Caterina'' uses ''marina'' for the sea along a land.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1292 – Bono Giamboni uses it for the coastal region.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1313–1319 – Dante uses it for the sea itself.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1455 – Lorenzo Ghiberti uses it for a seascape.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1653 – The word is used for a state's ships and naval equipment.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1798 – English ''marina'' “seashore” is recorded.^(DIFIT)

+ * 1848 – Ugolini condemns ''marina'' “navy” as a newspaper word.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1934 – American English ''marina'' “small harbour” is recorded.^(DIFIT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The stretch of [[m|en|sea]] along a coast, seen especially as a view: ''Dalla terrazza si vede tutta la marina.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # The land along the sea; the [[m|en|coast]] or shore, and a coastal town, often in place names (''Marina di Ravenna'').^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(art)'' A [[m|en|seascape]]: a painting of the sea.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # The fleet of a country and everything that serves it at sea; the [[m|en|navy]]: ''Suo fratello si è arruolato in marina.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[marinaio]]

+ * [[marinaro]]

+ * [[marineria]]

+ * [[marinista]]

+ * [[ammarinare]]

+ * [[marinesco]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[mare]]

+ * [[marino]]

+ * [[la|marīnus]]

+ * [[fr|marine]]

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+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Marina mercantile'' is the merchant navy and ''marina militare'' the navy.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(GRADIT 2003) A separate ''marina'', masculine or feminine, is a small harbour for pleasure boats: it was borrowed in the 20th century from American English, which had it from Italian and Spanish.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(GDLI)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}