dichiarare Italian · revision 39288

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1243, Guido Faba (Bolognese)|origins=itc-pro *klāro-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /di.kjaˈra.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dichiarare''' (first-person singular present dichiàro, first-person singular past historic dichiarài, past participle dichiaràto, auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+ Older forms include [[roa-oit|dechiarare]], common in Umbria, Rome and the north.^(LEI|19, 565)^(TLIO)

+ The older [[roa-oit|dischiarare]], with the same meanings, is treated by the LEI as a derivative of [[la|clārus]].^(LEI|19, 565)^(Treccani 2011)

+ In Piedmont the verb is [[pms|diciarè]].^(LEI|19, 565)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It continues [[inh|la|dēclārō|t=to make clear; to announce officially]], a compound of [[m|la|dē-]] and [[m|la|clārō|t=to make bright, illuminate]], itself from [[m|la|clārus|t=clear, bright]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary) Nocentini adds that the Italian form was remade after [[chiaro]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(Devoto 1968) The sources differ on how the verb came into Italian: Meyer-Lübke left it out of his dictionary as a learned word and Alessio called it a learned adaptation supported by the Occitan and French verbs,^(LEI|19, 565)^(DEI|1289) while the LEI thinks it seems to continue the Latin verb in popular form.^(LEI|19, 565) The Latin participle and its derivatives gave [[dichiarato]], [[dichiarativo]], [[dichiaratore]] and [[dichiarazione]].^(DELI 1999)

+

+ The Latin verb was also taken over as a learned word elsewhere: [[fro|declarer]] (before about 1250), [[pro|declarar]] (before 1230), [[ca|declarar]] (13th century), [[es|declarar]] (about 1250) and [[pt|declarar]].^(LEI|19, 565)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ The Latin verb is recorded from Lucretius.^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan traces the adjective to [[itc-pro|*klāro-|t=loud]] and [[ine-pro|*klh₁-ro-|t=loud, sonorous]]; the shift from “loud” to “clear, bright” is paralleled by [[goh|hel|t=loud]] beside [[de|hell|t=bright]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLIO's first record is in the ''Parlamenti'' of the Bolognese Guido Faba, about 1243.^(TLIO) DELI dates the sense “to state firmly, affirm solemnly” to Guido Guinizelli (before 1276) and “to make clear, make manifest” to Bono Giamboni (before 1292).^(DELI 1999) In ''Inferno'' 28 Dante asks a shade: ''Dimostrami e dichiara'' (“show me and make clear”).^(GDLI|4, 352)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Old Italian the verb covered making known, explaining, settling a question and stating something with authority, including formal testimony in law.^(TLIO) The old sense “to explain, interpret”, as in commenting on a canto of Dante, is now literary.^(GDLI|4, 352)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011) Prati records ''dichiarare la guerra'' “to declare war” from 1547.^(Prati 1951|375)

+

+ The reflexive ''dichiararsi'', “to show oneself, claim to be”, appears in Machiavelli (before 1527), and he also uses the verb for stating one's opinions (1522–1525).^(DELI 1999) Goldoni has ''dichiararsi'' in the sense “to declare one's love” (1750).^(DELI 1999) Modern Italian uses the verb above all in official contexts: declaring income to the tax office or goods at customs, and proclaiming a state of emergency or a couple husband and wife.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) In bridge and other card games it means to bid.^(GRADIT 2003)^(GDLI|4, 352)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1243 – Guido Faba's ''Parlamenti'' give the first record.^(TLIO)

+ * Before 1276 – Guido Guinizelli uses the verb for a solemn statement.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1292 – Bono Giamboni uses it for “to make clear”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1342 – ''Dichiarazione'' is recorded in Domenico Cavalca.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1547 – ''Dichiarare la guerra'' is recorded.^(Prati 1951|375)

+ * Before 1527 – Machiavelli uses the reflexive ''dichiararsi'' “to show oneself”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1750 – Goldoni uses ''dichiararsi'' for confessing one's love.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1796 – ''Dichiarante'', the person making a statement, is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To make known, express openly or solemnly: ''Le ha dichiarato i suoi sentimenti in una lettera.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To [[m|en|state]] or [[m|en|affirm]] firmly, often officially: ''Il testimone dichiara di non aver sentito nulla.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # To declare to an authority, report: ''Bisogna dichiarare i redditi entro giugno.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(of an office)'' To [[m|en|certify]], attest in writing.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To proclaim officially, with a predicate: ''Il giudice lo ha dichiarato innocente''; also of war, a strike or a state of emergency.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(literary)'' To explain, interpret an obscure text.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(card games)'' To [[m|en|bid]], especially in bridge.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(reflexive, dichiararsi)'' To declare oneself, show one's position; also to confess one's love: ''Si è dichiarato contrario alla proposta.''^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dichiarante]]

+ * [[dichiarativo]]

+ * [[dichiarato]]

+ * [[dichiaratore]]

+ * [[dichiarazione]]

+ * [[dichiarabile]]

+ * [[dichiaramento]]

+ * [[dichiaratorio]]

+ * [[ridichiarare]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[chiaro]]

+ * [[chiarire]]

+ * [[la|dēclārō]]

+ * [[fr|déclarer]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Set phrases include ''dichiarare guerra'', ''dichiarare fallimento'' and ''dichiarare forfait''.^(GRADIT 2003) The formula ''io sottoscritto dichiaro che…'' opens written declarations.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}