durare Italian · revision 39259

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=early 13th century, Uguccione da Lodi|origins=la dūrō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /duˈra.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''durare''' (first-person singular present dùro, first-person singular past historic durài, past participle duràto, auxiliary (intransitive) èssere or (intransitive or transitive) avére)^(Wiktionary)

+ The auxiliary is ''essere'' or, less often, ''avere'' in the intransitive senses, and ''avere'' in the transitive ones.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la|dūrō|alt=dūrāre|t=to harden; to hold out, endure, last]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) The same verb is [[fr|durer]], [[oc|durar]], [[ca|durar]], [[es|durar]], [[pt|durar]], [[sc|durare]] and [[ro|dura]], and the present participle gave the preposition [[durante]] and its counterparts [[fr|durant]] and [[es|durante]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935)

+

+ DELI, GRADIT and Zingarelli call the Latin verb of uncertain origin and say that it was wrongly linked with [[la|dūrus|t=hard]].^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010) DEI and Devoto keep the meaning “to make hard”, from the adjective, apart from “to last”, which they think may be related to [[m|la|dūdum|t=for a long time]] and [[grc|δηρόν|tr=dērón|t=for a long time]], with the second influenced by the first.^(DEI|1403)^(Devoto 1968|155) Nocentini sees no reason to separate them, since “hard” and “lasting” share the idea of “resistant”.^(Nocentini 2010) De Vaan also takes the meaning of the verb to have developed from “be hard” to “endure, last”, and derives the adjective from [[ine-pro|*duh₂-ro-|t=far, long]], the source of [[sa|दूर|tr=dūrá|t=far, distant]] and [[m|grc|δηρός|tr=dērós|t=long]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLIO's first record is in the Cremonese ''Libro'' of Uguccione da Lodi, from the early 13th century.^(TLIO) DELI's earliest dated sense is transitive, “to bear, endure”, in Bonagiunta Orbicciani before 1257, then intransitive “to keep, hold out” in Guido delle Colonne before 1290.^(DELI 1999) Guido writes that between water and fire set in a vessel ''l'uno e l'autra dura'', “each one lasts”.^(GDLI)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Old Italian the verb already meant to go on in time, to stay alive, to keep (of food), to remain of a quantity, and to persevere in an action; transitively it meant to withstand or suffer something, as in the phrase ''durar fatica'' and the proverb ''chi la dura la vince'', “he who holds out wins”.^(TLIO) It could also mean to extend in space, and in a few texts to make or become harder.^(TLIO) Dante speaks of Virgil's fame that ''ancor nel mondo dura'', “still lasts in the world”.^(GDLI)

+

+ Guittone d'Arezzo has the senses “to go on at length” and “to persist, insist” before 1294.^(DELI 1999) The present participle ''durante'' hardened into a preposition, “during”, first recorded before 1348 in Francesco da Barberino, and the phrase ''vita natural durante'', “for the whole of one's life”, was formed later.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ In modern Italian the main senses are “to last, go on”, “to keep in good condition”, “to stay in a post” and “to be enough”; the transitive “to bear” is literary.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010) Tuscan proverbs collected by Tommaseo include ''ogni bel gioco dura poco'', “every good game is short”.^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Early 13th century – Uguccione da Lodi has the first record.^(TLIO)

+ * Before 1257 – Bonagiunta uses ''durare'' transitively, “to bear”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1290 – Guido delle Colonne uses it for “to keep, hold out”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1292 – Bono Giamboni has the derivatives ''durata'' and ''duraturo''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1294 – Guittone d'Arezzo uses it for “to go on at length” and “to persevere”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1348 – ''Durante'' is recorded as a preposition.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1826 – ''Vita natural durante'' is first recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To [[m|en|last]], to keep in time without changing: ''Questi stivali durano anni.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To remain in a post or position: ''Il nuovo allenatore è durato tre mesi.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To be enough, to [[m|en|suffice]]: ''L'acqua durerà fino a domani.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To go on, [[m|en|continue]] for a time: ''La riunione è durata due ore.'' Impersonally, ''così non può durare'', this cannot go on.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To stay alive: ''Il vecchio cane non durerà molto.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # ''(intransitive, literary)'' To [[m|en|persevere]], insist in something: ''durare nel proprio impegno''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(transitive, literary)'' To [[m|en|endure]], bear, ''durare fatica'', to have difficulty, to toil.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[durante]]

+ * [[durata]]

+ * [[duraturo]]

+ * [[durevole]]

+ * [[durevolezza]]

+ * [[durativo]]

+ * [[durabile]]

+ * [[perdurare]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[durazione]]

+ * [[duro]]

+ * [[indurare]]

+ * [[indurire]]

+ * [[la|dūrus]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Set phrases include ''durare fatica'' (to toil, to have difficulty), ''durare da Natale a Santo Stefano'' (to last a single day, since the two feasts fall on consecutive days) and the proverb ''chi la dura la vince'', “perseverance wins”.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020)^(Zingarelli 2010) ''Durarla'' means to hold out.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+

+ DEI lists a separate obsolete verb ''durare'' “to harden”, a learned word from the Latin verb in that sense, recorded in the 14th century.^(DEI|1404)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861) Tommaseo quotes it from a treatise on horses, where straw given as fodder is said to harden the animal's belly.^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}