ingannare Italian · revision 39226

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 12th century, Rinaldo d'Aquino|origins=la ganniō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /in.ɡanˈna.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ingannare''' (first-person singular present ingànno, first-person singular past historic ingannài, past participle ingannàto, auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old forms include ''enganare'' and ''engannare'' in the north and ''incannare''.^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI|7)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la-lat|ingannō|alt=ingannāre]], recorded in the Reichenau Glossary of the 8th century, where it glosses [[m|la|īnsultō|alt=insultaret]] “he would mock”.^(DELI 1999)^(Wiktionary) Nocentini reconstructs [[la-vul|*ingannō|alt=*ingannāre|t=to mimic, mock]], from [[la|ganniō|t=to whimper, yelp]] with the prefix [[m|la|in-]];^(Nocentini 2010)^(DELI 1999) DELI notes the change of conjugation.^(Nocentini 2010)^(DELI 1999) Late glosses also have [[m|la-lat|gannātor|t=mocker]], translating [[grc|χλευαστής|tr=khleuastḗs]], and [[m|la-lat|ingannātūra|t=mockery]].^(DELI 1999)^(DEI|2026)

+

+ The DÉRom reconstructs a Proto-Romance verb meaning “to imitate the voice of an animal”, from which the senses “to mock”, “to lure an animal” and “to deceive” developed; it is missing from Sardinian, so it belongs to a later layer of Proto-Romance.^(DÉRom) The same word is [[fro|enjaner]], [[oc|enganar]], [[ca|enganyar]], [[es|engañar]], [[pt|enganar]] and [[ro|îngâna|t=to mimic]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935) Other proposals, a Germanic root or a derivation from [[la|canna]], are discussed by DELI but not accepted.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ De Vaan regards the Latin verb as imitative, with its closest comparanda in Slavic.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ DELI's first record is in Rinaldo d'Aquino, of the late 12th century, with the sense “to disappoint”.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003) The reflexive ''ingannarsi'' “to be mistaken” is recorded in Giacomo da Lentini, before 1250, and ''enganare'' “to betray” in the ''Proverbia super natura feminarum''.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The sense “to defraud” is recorded in the ''Novellino'' of the late 13th century, and Dante uses the verb widely, with many shades of meaning.^(DELI 1999) Petrarch speaks of a traitor in false guise who would have deceived someone wiser than himself.^(GDLI|7) Poliziano, before 1480, uses it for distracting oneself from an unpleasant feeling, the sense of ''ingannare il tempo'' “to while away the time”.^(DELI 1999)^(Prati 1951|558)

+

+ The noun [[inganno]] is recorded in the 13th century.^(DELI 1999) In music the ''cadenza d'inganno'', the deceptive cadence, passed into German as a technical term.^(DEI|2026) Today the verb is also used in sport for wrong-footing an opponent.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – The Reichenau Glossary has Late Latin ''inganaret''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Late 12th century – Rinaldo d'Aquino uses the verb.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1250 – Giacomo da Lentini uses ''ingannarsi''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 13th century – ''Inganno'' “deceit” is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Late 13th century – The ''Novellino'' uses it for “to defraud”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1303–1306 – ''Ingannevole'' “deceptive” is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1313–1319 – Dante uses the verb widely.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1480 – Poliziano uses it for relieving an unpleasant feeling.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|deceive]], make someone believe something false, often abusing their trust: ''Ci ha ingannati con false promesse.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To [[m|en|mislead]] one's judgement; also intransitive: ''l'apparenza inganna'' (proverb), ''se la memoria non m'inganna''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # To be unfaithful to, [[m|en|betray]]: ''Per anni ha ingannato la moglie.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To disappoint hopes or trust.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # To elude or [[m|en|cheat]]: ''Il ladro riuscì a ingannare le guardie.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # To make something unpleasant easier to bear: ''ingannare il tempo'', ''ingannare l'attesa''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(sports)'' To wrong-foot an opponent: ''Il centravanti ha spiazzato e ingannato tutta la difesa.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # ''(pronominal, ingannarsi)'' To be mistaken: ''Ti inganni se pensi che rinunci.''^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[inganno]]

+ * [[ingannatore]]

+ * [[ingannevole]]

+ * [[ingannabile]]

+ * [[disingannare]]

+ * [[disinganno]]

+ * [[sgannare]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[gagnolare]]

+ * [[la|gannio]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}