pane Italian · revision 39220

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1158, Testimonianze di Travale|origins=la pānis}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈpa.ne/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''pane''' ''m'' (plural pani, diminutive panétto or panettìno or panèllo or panìno, augmentative (uncommon) panóne, pejorative panàccio)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la|pānis|t=bread; loaf]], continued through its accusative.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) The word is panromance: [[fr|pain]], [[oc|pan]], [[ca|pa]], [[es|pan]], [[pt|pão]], [[sc|pane]] and [[ro|pâine]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(Körting 1907) The DÉRom reconstructs a masculine Proto-Romance noun and sees three layers in its outcomes: the original masculine, of which Sardinian is the only witness, a feminine that spread through the continental languages, and a masculine restored in Italy and the West.^(DÉRom)

+

+ The origin of the Latin noun is debated.^(DELI 1999)^(de Vaan 2008) DELI, Nocentini and Devoto connect it with [[m|la|pāscō|t=to feed, graze]] beside [[m|la|pāstus|t=fodder, food]] and [[m|la|pāstor|t=herdsman]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(Devoto 1968) De Vaan agrees that the link with [[m|la|pāstillus|t=small cake, pastille]] points to [[itc-pro|*pāstnis|alt=*pā̆st-ni-]] “loaf, cake”, which scholars have traced to [[ine-pro|*peh₂-|t=to graze]], but he finds it hard to see how “bread” could come from “graze” with a mere suffix, and offers no alternative.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Hesychius records a word [[grc|πανός|tr=panós]] as Messapian, which DEI takes for a borrowing from Latin.^(DEI|2745)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record is in the ''Testimonianze di Travale'' of 1158, a list of witness statements from southern Tuscany, with the plain sense “bread”: ''Io de presi pane e vino per li maccioni a Travale'' “I took bread and wine from it for the masons at Travale”.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)^(GDLI|12, 466)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Bread as the staple food and as livelihood runs through the literature: Dante's Cacciaguida tells him he will learn ''come sa di sale / lo pane altrui'' “how salty another man's bread tastes” (''Paradiso'' 17.58–59).^(GDLI|12, 466)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861) From the 14th and 15th centuries the word also named a block of material shaped like a loaf (Cennino Cennini), and, from the late 16th century the clod of earth left round the roots of a plant to be transplanted (Giovanni Soderini), a use already found in Pliny's Latin.^(DELI 1999)^(DEI|2745)

+

+ Several phrases are calques or have a known history: ''pane degli angeli'' renders the ''panis angelorum'' of the Latin Bible, ''pane integrale'' “wholemeal bread” follows French ''pain intégral'', and the ''pan di Spagna'' sponge cake is so called because it came from Spain to Sicily and then to the rest of Italy.^(DELI 1999) The ''panettone'' is the Milanese ''panatton'', which Cherubini's Milanese dictionary of 1814 describes as a Christmas bread with butter, sugar and raisins unknown in Tuscany, and the ''pandoro'' is named for its golden colour from egg yolk.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010) ''Panettiere'' “baker” came from Old French ''panetier'', and ''pagnotta'' “round loaf” from Occitan ''panhota'' around 1400.^(Nocentini 2010) ''Panino'' “bread roll, sandwich” is recorded from 1841, and in 1981 ''paninaro'' named a youth fashion from a Milanese bar called ''Panino''.^(Nocentini 2010) The ''albero del pane'' (1825) translates the botanical name of the breadfruit tree, like French ''arbre à pain''.^(DEI|2745)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1158 – ''Pane'' is recorded in the ''Testimonianze di Travale''.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)

+ * 1296 – ''Panattieri'' “baker” is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1314 – Francesco da Barberino mentions ''pan d'oro'', fried slices of bread dipped in egg.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 14th–15th century – Cennino Cennini uses the word for a block of material.^(DELI 1999)

+ * About 1400 – ''Pagnotta'' is recorded.^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * Before 1597 – Soderini uses it for the clod round a plant's roots.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1803 – ''Panettone'' is recorded.^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * 1841 – ''Panino'' is recorded.^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * 1927 – ''Pandoro'' is recorded for the Veronese cake.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|bread]]: the food made by baking a leavened dough of flour and water, usually salted: ''Compro il pane ogni mattina dal fornaio.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # A loaf, one of the shapes in which the dough is baked; also the name of various rustic sweet breads: ''un pane da mezzo chilo''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(figurative)'' [[m|en|livelihood]], the means of living: ''Lavora sodo per portare il pane a casa.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Spiritual nourishment: ''la preghiera, pane dei poveri''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Something one is very familiar with or fond of: ''La musica è il suo pane.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # A block of a substance shaped like a loaf: ''un pane di sapone''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(agriculture)'' The ball of earth left round the roots of a plant to be transplanted.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[pagnotta]]

+ * [[panare]]

+ * [[panario]]

+ * [[panata]]

+ * [[pancotto]]

+ * [[pandolce]]

+ * [[pandoro]]

+ * [[panettiere]]

+ * [[panetteria]]

+ * [[panetto]]

+ * [[panettone]]

+ * [[panforte]]

+ * [[pangrattato]]

+ * [[panificare]]

+ * [[panificio]]

+ * [[panino]]

+ * [[panpepato]]

+ * [[impanare]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[pascere]]

+ * [[pasto]]

+ * [[pastore]]

+ * [[la|panis]]

+ * [[fr|pain]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The form ''pan'' is used before another word, in compounds and phrases (''pan di Spagna'', ''pangrattato'').^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Nocentini 2010) Fixed phrases include ''dire pane al pane e vino al vino'' “to call a spade a spade”, ''buono come il pane'' “good-natured, kind”, ''essere pane e cacio'' “to be close friends”, ''a pane e acqua'' “on bread and water” and ''se non è zuppa è pan bagnato'' “it comes to the same thing”.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ A technical word ''pane'' means the thread of a screw (1550, Cosimo Bartoli).^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003) DELI and Nocentini derive it from [[la|pānus|t=thread wound on a bobbin]], taken from a Doric Greek form corresponding to the Attic form [[m|grc|πῆνος|tr=pênos]], with the influence of ''pane'' “bread”.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(de Vaan 2008) GRADIT and DEI instead see a metaphor from the twisted shape of a small loaf.^(GRADIT 2003)^(DEI|2745)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}