necessarius Latin · revision 3921

15 Oct 2026, 20:36 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Cicero|origins=la necesse}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [nɛ.kɛsˈsaː.ri.ʊs]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ne.t͡ʃesˈsaː.ri.us]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''necessārius''' (feminine necessāria, neuter necessārium, comparative necessarior, superlative necessarissimus, adverb necessāriē or necessāriō); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is [[af|la|necesse|-ārius|t1=unavoidable, necessary]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Georges 1913) Wiktionary analyses ''necesse'' as [[ne-]] “not” and [[cessus]].^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ Köbler's first source for the noun is Cicero (81–43 BC).^(Köbler 2010) Varro speaks of crops and necessary things.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant essential, necessary, as Varro's “fruits and necessaries”, and essential for life, as Caesar's great shortage of necessities.^(OLD 2012) It meant compelling, as Cicero's many weighty and compelling reasons, critical, of times, and unavoidable, as Cicero's ''necessaria mors'', natural death.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)
+ 
+ Of persons it meant connected by close ties, and as a noun a relative, friend or patron, as Cicero's man who spared his friend and connection.^(OLD 2012) In medieval Latin ''necessarium'' or ''necessaria loca'' was a privy.^(Niermeyer 1976) English ''necessary'' was borrowed in the late 14th century.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses it of necessary things.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of compelling reasons and of close connections.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it of necessities of life.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * late 14th century – English ''necessary'' is borrowed.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Adjective===
+ # [[m|en|Necessary]], essential, requisite.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)
+ # Essential for life.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Compelling.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Critical (of times).^(OLD 2012)
+ # Unavoidable, [[m|en|inevitable]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)
+ # Closely connected (by friendship or kinship).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ===Noun===
+ # A relative, friend, patron, a connection.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)
+ # ''(Medieval Latin, neuter)'' A [[m|en|privy]].^(Niermeyer 1976)
+ 
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[necessāria]]
+ * [[pernecessārius]]
+ * [[necessāriē]]
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[necessarium]]
+ * [[necessitās]]
+ * [[necessitūdō]]
+ * [[necesse]]
+ * [[en|necessary]]
+ 
+ ==Usage notes==
+ Döderlein says a ''necessarius'' is anyone bound to one by a lasting tie, official or private, while a ''propinquus'' is bound by family.^(Döderlein 1874)
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}