riposare Italian · revision 39199

+ Italian has two verbs spelled ''riposare'': one means “to put down again” and is formed from [[posare]], the other means “to rest” and comes from Late Latin.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)

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+ {{homograph|1|put down again}}

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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=14th century, Vita di San Giovanni Battista}}

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+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ri.poˈza.re/, /ri.poˈsa.re/^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Forms==

+ '''riposare''' (first-person singular present ripòso, first-person singular past historic riposài, past participle riposàto, auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The verb meaning “to put down again” is [[af|it|ri-|posare]], with the prefix of repetition.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ DELI's first record is a 14th-century ''Vita di San Giovanni Battista'', in the sense “to put down again, or more firmly”.^(DELI 1999) GRADIT dates it to before 1342.^(GRADIT 2003)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The reflexive ''riposarsi'' “to settle again” (of a bird on a branch) is recorded in 1970.^(DELI 1999) In literary use it can simply mean “to alight, to settle”, as of the light in Manzoni's line “e i color vari suscita / dovunque si riposa”.^(GDLI|16, 690)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * 14th century – First recorded in a ''Vita di San Giovanni Battista''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1342 – GRADIT's date for the first record.^(GRADIT 2003)

+ * 1970 – The reflexive “to settle again” is in the Zingarelli dictionary.^(DELI 1999)

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+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To put something down again, or back where it was: ''Ha riposato il libro sullo scaffale.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # (reflexive ''riposarsi'') To settle again, of a bird or an insect.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020)

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+ {{homograph|2|rest}}

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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=13th century|origins=la pausa}}

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+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ri.poˈza.re/, /ri.poˈsa.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''riposare''' (first-person singular present ripòso, first-person singular past historic riposài, past participle riposàto, auxiliary (transitive or intransitive) avére or (archaic when intransitive) èssere)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The verb meaning “to rest” is [[inh|la-lat|repausō|alt=repausāre]], recorded from the 5th century (Salonius), from [[m|la|pausō|t=to cease, to stop]] with the intensive prefix [[m|la|re-]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) It ran beside, and replaced, classical [[la|requiēscō|t=to rest]].^(DELI 1999) The Latin verb comes from [[m|la|pausa|t=pause]].^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026) Nocentini classes it as a Latin word of Greek origin and compares the prefix with that of [[grc|ἀναπαύω|tr=anapaúō|t=to refresh, (middle) to rest]] in the New Testament.^(Nocentini 2010)

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+ The word is pan-Romance: [[fr|reposer]], [[oc|repausar]], [[ca|reposar]], [[es|reposar]], [[pt|repousar]], and [[ro|răposa]], which means “to die”.^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935)^(Körting 1907) In Venetia, Lombardy and the Ladin area the simple verb [[posare]] is used instead.^(DELI 1999)^(DEI|3260) By surface analysis it is that verb with the prefix [[ri-]].^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ DELI's first record is from an anonymous 13th-century poet, in the sense “to refresh oneself by stopping work or effort”; the line “e ripozai a l'umbra lungamente” (“and I rested in the shade a long while”) is quoted in the GDLI.^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI|16, 690) GRADIT dates the verb to before 1249, in the old sense “to calm down, to resign oneself”.^(GRADIT 2003)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Old Italian quickly added “to sleep” (Bono Giamboni, before 1292), “to stop doing something” (Boccaccio, 1348–53) and, of land, “to lie fallow” (Crescenzi's translation, about 1350).^(DELI 1999) The transitive “to give rest” is in Giovanni Villani, and “to rest on, to be placed on” in Luigi Alamanni, who died in 1556.^(DELI 1999)

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+ The phrases ''riposare in pace'' “rest in peace” and ''l'eterno riposo'' are translations of the Latin prayers for the dead, and on tombstones ''qui riposa'' means “here lies”.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003) Later figurative uses are “to be based on” (a theory resting on an argument) and, of wine or dough, to be left to settle.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010) The derived noun [[riposo]] spread widely in its own senses, from “sleep” to military “at ease” (1898) and retirement from service.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Before 1249 – GRADIT's date, in the sense “to calm down”.^(GRADIT 2003)

+ * 13th century – “To rest from toil” in an anonymous poet.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1292 – Bono Giamboni uses it for “to sleep” and the pronominal ''riposarsi''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Late 13th century – The noun ''riposo'' appears in the ''Novellino''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1348 – Giovanni Villani has the transitive “to give rest”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1348–1353 – Boccaccio uses it for “to stop, to cease”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * About 1350 – Crescenzi's translation uses it of land lying fallow.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|rest]]: to stop an activity to recover one's strength: ''Dopo la gita ci siamo fermati a riposare.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To have a short [[m|en|sleep]]; to sleep: ''Stanotte non ho riposato bene.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(euphemistic)'' To be dead or [[m|en|buried]]: ''riposare in pace'', ''qui riposa'' on gravestones.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To rest or be set on something, ''(figurative)'' to be based on: ''un'ipotesi che riposa su dati certi''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # Of a liquid, to settle; of dough, to be left to rest: ''lasciar riposare l'impasto''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+ # ''(agriculture)'' Of land, to lie [[m|en|fallow]].^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # (transitive) To rest a part of the body or the mind, to give it rest: ''riposare la schiena''.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # (pronominal ''riposarsi'') To take a rest.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[riposo]]

+ * [[riposante]]

+ * [[riposato]]

+ * [[riposino]]

+ * [[riposanza]]

+ * [[riposata]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[posare]]

+ * [[pausa]]

+ * [[fr|reposer]]

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+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Riposare sugli allori'' “to rest on one's laurels” means to be content with what one has achieved.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Gabrielli 2020) In the sense “to rest” the auxiliary is ''avere'';^(Wiktionary)^(Zingarelli 2010) ''essere'' is archaic.^(Wiktionary)^(Zingarelli 2010)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}