richiedere Italian · revision 39147

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=before 1292, Bono Giamboni|origins=la quaerō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /riˈkjɛ.de.re/, /riˈkje.de.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''richiedere''' or richiédere (first-person singular present richièdo or richiédo, first-person singular past historic richièsi or richiési, past participle richièsto or richiésto, auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old Italian also had [[m|roa-oit|richerere]] and [[m|roa-oit|richierere]], the forms with two *r*, and [[m|roa-oit|richedere]].^(Prati 1951|837)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010) An old past participle [[m|roa-oit|richesto]] stood beside ''richiesto''.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la-vul|*requaerō|alt=*requaerere|t=to seek again; to ask for]], the popular form of classical [[la|requīrō|t=to seek; to ask; to require]].^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Wiktionary) The Vulgar Latin verb remade the compound on the simple verb [[m|la|quaerō|t=to seek, to ask]], with the prefix [[m|la|re-]].^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)^(Gabrielli 2020) DELI puts it differently: the Italian verb is [[chiedere]] with the intensive prefix [[ri-]], formed on the model of the Vulgar Latin verb.^(DELI 1999) Nocentini also treats it as a derivative of the simple Italian verb and only compares the Latin one.^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ In the old forms with two *r* (see Forms), the second *r* became *d* by dissimilation.^(Wiktionary)^(Prati 1951|837) The same Latin verb gave [[pro|requerre]], [[es|requerir]] and [[pt|requerer]], and northern Italian dialects had [[m|roa-oit|requerir]].^(REW 1935)^(Körting 1907)

+

+ The Latin simple verb has no certain etymology.^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan prefers Nussbaum's analysis as a present built on a root [[ine-pro|*kʷeh₂-|t=to acquire]], which he compares with [[grc|πέπαμαι|tr=pépāmai|t=to have acquired]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record, before 1292 in Bono Giamboni's ''Vizi e virtù'', has the sense “to ask again”.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003) By the end of the 13th century the ''Novellino'' uses it for asking firmly or insistently in order to obtain something.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the 14th century the verb spread to asking in order to know (Dante, 1300–1313), asking for something back (Domenico Cavalca, before 1342) and demanding or requiring (Boccaccio, 1348–1353).^(DELI 1999) Dante has both ''richiedere'' and the older ''richerere''.^(DELI 1999) Old senses now lost include summoning a person, challenging someone to battle and citing someone before a court.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ In bureaucratic Italian the verb came to mean applying for a document, a sense the dictionaries record from 1959.^(DELI 1999)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026) Its noun ''richiesta'' follows the same path: Giamboni and the ''Novellino'' have ''richesta'', Boccaccio ''richiesta'', and in 1891 it is first recorded as the formal application for a document.^(DELI 1999) The present participle ''richiedente'', an applicant, is recorded from before 1704.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Before 1292 – Bono Giamboni uses ''richiedere'' for “to ask again”.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)

+ * End of the 13th century – The ''Novellino'' uses it for asking insistently.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1300–1313 – Dante uses it for asking in order to know.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1342 – Domenico Cavalca uses it for asking something back.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1348–1353 – Boccaccio uses it for “to demand, require”, and has the noun ''richiesta''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1704 – ''Richiedente'' is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1959 – The bureaucratic sense “to apply for a document” is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To ask for again: ''Ho dovuto richiedere il conto due volte.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # To ask for something back: ''Gli ho richiesto la bicicletta che gli avevo prestato.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # To [[m|en|request]], to ask for something in order to get it, or to ask in order to know.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # ''(bureaucratic)'' To [[m|en|apply]] for a document: ''Domani vado a richiedere il certificato di residenza.''^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # To [[m|en|demand]], to insist on what one is owed.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # To [[m|en|require]], to need: ''Questa ricetta richiede molta pazienza.''^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)^(GRADIT 2003)

+ # To look for in order to buy, mostly in the passive: ''un modello molto richiesto'', a much sought-after model.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Treccani 2011)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(obsolete)'' To summon before a court.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[richiedente]]

+ * [[richiesta]]

+ * [[richieditore]]

+ * [[richiesto]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[chiedere]]

+ * [[requisire]]

+ * [[la|requīrō]]

+ * [[la|quaerō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Richiedere'' is conjugated like ''chiedere'' (''richiedo'', ''richiesi'', ''richiesto'').^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary gives both an open and a closed stressed ''e'' (''richièdo'', ''richiédo'').^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}