restituire Italian · revision 39131

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1304–1308, Dante|origins=la status}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /res.ti.tuˈi.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''restituire''' (first-person singular present restituìsco, first-person singular past historic restituìi, past participle restituìto, auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old Italian also wrote the verb [[roa-oit|ristituire]], [[roa-oit|restatuire]] and [[roa-oit|ristetuire]], and used a past participle [[roa-oit|restituto]].^(GDLI)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a learned word, [[bor|la|restituō|alt=restituere|t=to set up again, restore; give back]], moved from the Latin third conjugation in ⟨-ere⟩ to the Italian verbs in ⟨-ire⟩.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) The Latin verb is a compound of [[m|la|re-|t=back, again]] and [[m|la|statuō|t=to set up, establish]], so that it meant “to put back where it was before”.^(DELI 1999)^(Gabrielli 2020)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026) The ⟨a⟩ of the simple verb became ⟨i⟩ in the open inner syllable of the compound, a regular Latin change.^(Devoto 1968) [[m|la|statuō]] is formed from [[m|la|status|t=position]], a derivative of [[m|la|stō|t=to stand]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The same Latin verb was borrowed as [[fr|restituer]] and [[es|restituir]].^(Nocentini 2010) The GDLI dates the French verb to 1250, and DEI to the 14th century.^(GDLI)^(DEI|3234)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ DELI's first record is Dante, in 1304–1308, for giving back what had been taken from someone or lent, given or entrusted to one.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003) Zingarelli dates the verb to 1268 and Sabatini–Coletti to the 13th century.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026) In the ''Novellino'', at the end of the 13th century, it is used for giving someone again a thing he had lost.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Old Italian already used the verb for handing back goods held in trust: the ''Novellino'' has a man return caskets in the hope of a greater deposit, and Giovanni Villani reports that the Florentines begged Pisa to give back their merchandise.^(GDLI) Boccaccio writes of a speech “given back” to a man who had lost it through illness.^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861) The literary sense “to put back into the former state” is recorded from the 15th century, in a translation of Petrarch.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ The abstract senses grew from this: to return a favour, a visit or a blow, to reinstate someone in an office, to give back health, freedom or peace, and to restore a painting or a text to its original form.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011) Philology uses it for establishing a critical text, and surveying for the photogrammetric plotting of a map.^(GRADIT 2003) In the language of industry ''restituito'' came to mean “regenerated”, recorded in 1942.^(DELI 1999) Euphemistically the verb also means “to vomit”.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1268 – Zingarelli's date for the verb.^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ * Late 13th century – The ''Novellino'' uses it for giving back what was lost.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1304–1308 – Dante uses ''restituire'' “to give back”.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)

+ * 1348–1353 – Boccaccio has ''restitutore'' “one who gives back”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1348 – Giovanni Villani has ''restituzione''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 15th century – The sense “to restore to the former state” appears in a translation of Petrarch.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1629 – Guido Bentivoglio has ''restituibile''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1942 – ''Restituito'' “regenerated” is recorded in industry.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|return]], give back what was lent, entrusted, given or taken: ''Domani ti restituisco il dizionario che mi hai prestato.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To return in kind, [[ricambiare|alt=reciprocate]]: ''restituire una visita, un saluto''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # To give back a lost condition or quality: ''Le vacanze gli hanno restituito il buonumore.''^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+ # To [[m|en|reinstate]] someone in an office or a right, or to bring something back to its original state: ''restituire un dipinto ai colori originali''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(philology)'' To establish the correct text of a work by critical revision.^(GRADIT 2003)

+ # ''(euphemistic)'' To [[vomitare|alt=vomit]].^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(literary, reflexive)'' ''restituirsi'': to return to a place or to an activity.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[restituzione]]

+ * [[restitutore]]

+ * [[restituibile]]

+ * [[restitutivo]]

+ * [[restitutorio]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[statuire]]

+ * [[statuto]]

+ * [[la|restituō]]

+ * [[fr|restituer]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Restituire la parola a qualcuno'' is to release someone from a promise, especially one of marriage.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}