richiamare Italian · revision 39113

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=late 13th century, Novellino|origins=la clāmō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ri.kjaˈma.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''richiamare''' (first-person singular present richiàmo, first-person singular past historic richiamài, past participle richiamàto, auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old and dialect forms include [[m|roa-oit|rechiamare]] and [[m|roa-oit|reiamare]].^(GDLI|16, 86)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|it|ri-|chiamare]], properly “to call again”.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Devoto 1968)^(Wiktionary) The GDLI describes the prefix as [[la|re-]], with a repeating and intensifying value.^(GDLI|16, 86) DELI compares [[reclamare]], and the noun [[richiamo]] is formed from the verb.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ The base [[chiamare]] is [[la|clāmō|t=to shout, proclaim]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010) Nocentini derives the Latin verb from an unattested noun [[m|la|*clāma]], formed on [[m|la|calō|t=to call out, summon]], and compares [[grc|καλέω|tr=kaléō|t=to call]].^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ DELI's oldest record is in the ''Novellino'', at the end of the 13th century, in the reflexive sense “to ask for justice, to complain to an authority”.^(DELI 1999) In 1580 or a little before, Vincenzo Borghini wrote that the verb was properly said of someone offended who went to a magistrate or lord for protection (''Richiamare è propriissimamente posto d’uno offeso e ingiuriato che se ne va al magistrato o signore che lo difenda'').^(DELI 1999) The sense “to call back” is in Dante's ''Inferno'' (1300–1313): ''Già il maestro mio mi richiamava'' (“My master was already calling me back”).^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI|16, 86)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Dante also has the plain sense “to call again”, and the noun ''richiamo'' with the senses of a call back and of an allure.^(DELI 1999) Later senses are dated by DELI: “to make people flock, to draw” in Paolo Segneri (1686), “to cite, refer to” in 1848, when Ugolini condemned the extension, and “to reprove, call to order”, said of a deputy in parliament, in Petrocchi's dictionary (1891).^(DELI 1999) Tommaseo lists the old use for “to protest, to claim”, beside [[reclamare]].^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861) The reflexive ''richiamarsi a'' “to refer to” is recorded in the 14th century.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ The participle [[richiamato]] became a noun for a soldier called back to arms from leave, before 1872 in Mazzini.^(DELI 1999) ''Richiamo'' gained the senses of a decoy bird (1827) and of a sign in a text that refers the reader elsewhere (before 1642, Galileo, DEI has 1474).^(DELI 1999) Modern dictionaries add the telephone sense “to call back”, the banking sense of stopping a bill from being cashed, the aviation sense of pulling a plane out of a dive and the recall of faulty products.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 13th century – The ''Novellino'' uses ''richiamarsi'' for appealing to an authority.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1300–1313 – Dante uses ''richiamare'' “to call back” in the ''Inferno''.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)

+ * 14th century – ''Richiamarsi'' “to refer to” is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1686 – Paolo Segneri uses it for drawing people together.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1848 – The sense “to cite” is recorded and criticised by Ugolini.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1872 – Mazzini uses ''richiamato'' for a recalled soldier.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1891 – Petrocchi records ''richiamare all’ordine'' “to call to order”.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|call]] someone again; to call back on the [[m|en|telephone]]: ''Adesso non posso parlare, ti richiamo stasera.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To call back, make someone return; to [[m|en|recall]] an envoy or troops, or let an exile come home: ''Il governo ha richiamato l’ambasciatore.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(military)'' To call reservists back to service: ''richiamare alle armi''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # To [[m|en|attract]], draw people or animals to a place: ''La sagra richiama turisti da tutta la regione.''^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+ # To bring back to mind, [[m|en|evoke]]; also to cite or mention: ''Questo profumo mi richiama l’estate al mare.''^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # To [[m|en|reprimand]], call someone to order: ''L’allenatore ha richiamato i giocatori più distratti.''^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(banking)'' To stop a bill or cheque from being cashed; to ask for a letter or parcel to be returned to the sender.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+ # ''(aviation)'' To pull an aircraft out of a dive into level flight.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(commerce)'' To recall a product with a manufacturing defect.^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(pronominal)'' ''Richiamarsi a'': to [[m|en|refer]] to, appeal to: ''Nella sua relazione si richiama a uno studio precedente.''^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[richiamo]]

+ * [[richiamato]]

+ * [[richiamata]]

+ * [[richiamabile]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[chiamare]]

+ * [[reclamare]]

+ * [[la|clāmō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}