rapina Italian · revision 39109

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=early 13th century, Uguccione da Lodi|origins=la rapiō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /raˈpi.na/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''rapina''' ''f'' (plural rapine)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old Italian also wrote [[m|roa-oit|rappina]], [[m|roa-oit|rampina]] and [[m|roa-oit|ranpina]].^(TLIO)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la|rapīna|t=robbery, plunder]], a learned word.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(DEI|3208)^(Prati 1951|824)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(GRADIT 2003) The Latin noun is formed from [[m|la|rapiō|t=to seize, carry off]], the source of [[rapire]], with the suffix [[m|la|-īna]], as [[m|la|ruīna]] comes from [[m|la|ruō|t=to fall]].^(Devoto 1968)^(Nocentini 2010)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ De Vaan derives [[m|la|rapiō]] from a root [[ine-pro|*h₁rep-|t=to snatch]];^(Wiktionary) Schrijver proposed [[m|ine-pro|*h₁reh₁p-]] instead.^(Wiktionary) The popular outcome of [[m|la|rapīna]] is [[fro|ravine]] “robbery; violence”, which became [[fr|ravine]] “torrent; gully”.^(REW 1935) Nocentini compares [[es|rapiña]].^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLIO's first record is in the Cremonese poet Uguccione da Lodi, early in the 13th century.^(TLIO) DELI's earliest date is for the literary sense “sweeping force”, in Oddo delle Colonne before about 1250, and the sense “robbery” follows before 1292 in Bono Giamboni, who defines it as a taking of others' goods by force (''uno predamento per forza dell’altrui cose'').^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI|15, 455)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Old Italian the word covered robbery, theft by skill, plunder and the booty taken, and phrases such as ''vivere di rapina'' (to live by robbery; of animals, by hunting) and ''uccelli di rapina'', birds of prey.^(TLIO) It could also mean abduction or rape, and a violent force.^(TLIO) Dante uses the last sense of the infernal storm that drives the spirits: ''mena li spirti con la sua rapina''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011) The ''Maestruzzo'', following Saint Thomas, judged it graver than [[furto]], because it wronged the person as well as the goods.^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)

+

+ DELI dates the sense “unjust extortion” and the meaning “goods taken by robbery” from the 14th century.^(DELI 1999) Modern criminal law distinguishes ''rapina propria'' from ''rapina impropria'', violence used just after a theft to keep the goods or escape.^(GDLI|15, 455) In football slang a ''gol di rapina'' is a goal snatched from a defender's mistake.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Early 13th century – Uguccione da Lodi uses ''rapina''.^(TLIO)

+ * Before c. 1250 – Oddo delle Colonne uses it for a sweeping force.^(DELI 1999)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ * Before 1292 – Bono Giamboni uses it for robbery.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 14th century – The senses “extortion” and “booty” are recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1300–1313 – Dante writes of the storm's ''rapina'' in the ''Inferno''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(law)'' [[m|en|robbery]]: taking someone's property by violence or threats: ''rapina a mano armata''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(uncommon)'' The [[m|en|loot]] from a robbery.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # [[m|en|plunder]], the sacking of a country by soldiers: ''Le bande vivevano di rapina.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # Extortion; the misappropriation of public wealth.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(hyperbolic)'' An excessive price, a [[m|en|rip-off]]: ''Dieci euro per un caffè? È una rapina!''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # Of animals, hunting other animals for food: ''uccelli di rapina'', birds of prey.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(literary)'' The violent force of wind or water that sweeps things along.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(archaic)'' [[m|en|abduction]], especially of a woman.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(football)'' ''Gol di rapina'': a goal scored by quickly exploiting an opponent's mistake.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[rapinare]]

+ * [[rapinatore]]

+ * [[rapinoso]]

+ * [[antirapina]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[rapire]]

+ * [[furto]]

+ * [[la|rapīna]]

+ * [[la|rapiō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}