risparmiare Italian · revision 39104

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=before 1292, Bono Giamboni|origins=lng *sparōn}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ris.parˈmja.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''risparmiare''' (first-person singular present rispàrmio, first-person singular past historic risparmiài, past participle risparmiàto, auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+ There was also [[roa-oit|risparmare]], and the simple verb [[roa-oit|sparmiare]] was used from the 14th to the 16th century;^(GDLI|16, 849)^(DEI|3578)^(Prati 1951|935) Old Lucchese had [[m|roa-oit|sparambiare]].^(GDLI|16, 849)^(DEI|3578)^(Prati 1951|935) The northern form is [[sparagnare]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|it|ri-|sparmiare]], from the now archaic [[m|it|sparmiare|t=to save, spare]].^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)^(Nocentini 2010) That verb is a medieval Germanic loan: [[bor|lng|*sparōn|t=to save, spare]], a cognate of [[goh|sparōn]] and [[de|sparen]].^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The /m/ is the difficulty.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(Wiktionary) DELI explains that in Gallo-Romance the Germanic verb crossed with [[frk|*waidanjan|t=to earn]], the source of [[guadagnare]], giving the form [[la-med|sparniare]] of the 8th-century Reichenau Glosses, which glosses “non pepercit” (“he did not spare”); this is the source of northern [[sparagnare]].^(DELI 1999)^(Devoto 1968)^(Wiktionary) Following Schiaffini, DELI holds that the Italian verb, confined to a smaller area, was more probably brought into Italy by the Germanic peoples themselves than taken from Gaul.^(DELI 1999) Nocentini instead derives it from [[gem-pro|*sparanjan]], with /mj/ as an alternative outcome of /nj/, as in Aretine and Perugian [[m|it|guadammiare]] beside the standard verb.^(Nocentini 2010) Devoto thinks the central forms were shaped by [[armare]] and then by the Gallo-Romance form.^(Devoto 1968) Prati finds the link between [[m|roa-oit|sparmiare]] and [[m|it|sparagnare]] obscure.^(Prati 1951|935)

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+ The same Germanic verb is [[fr|épargner]] and [[oc|esparnhar]], and [[en|spare]] is a cognate.^(Wiktionary)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Bono Giamboni (before 1292) is DELI's first record, in the absolute sense “to spend little”.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003) Prati glosses Giamboni's use as spending with great care and to good effect.^(Prati 1951|935)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the 14th century the verb covered not using something up (Boccaccio, 1348–1353), sparing or protecting a person (Boccaccio, about 1336), and granting or not taking away, as in Giovanni Villani (before 1348).^(DELI 1999) The reflexive ''risparmiarsi'' “to take care of oneself, of one's health” is in the ''Tavola Ritonda''.^(DELI 1999) Later senses are putting money aside rather than spending it (Guicciardini, before 1540), doing without something (Borghini, before 1580) and not tiring someone (1872).^(DELI 1999) Galileo writes of the miser who goes to his friends' dinners in order to save his own.^(GDLI|16, 849)

+

+ The noun ''risparmio'', a back-formation, appears around 1300 in a translation of Albertano da Brescia, which calls saving a remedy for need; in 1551 it is used for the part of income kept for the future, the economic sense of today.^(DELI 1999) ''Risparmiatore'' “saver” is from 1618.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – The Reichenau Glosses have ''sparniavit'' “he spared”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1292 – Bono Giamboni uses ''risparmiare'' “to spend little”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * c. 1300 – ''Risparmio'' appears in a translation of Albertano da Brescia.^(DELI 1999)

+ * c. 1336 – Boccaccio uses it for sparing a person.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1348–1353 – Boccaccio uses it for not using something up.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1540 – Guicciardini uses it for putting money aside.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1551 – ''Risparmio'' is used for the saved part of income.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1618 – ''Risparmiatore'' is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To use or consume sparingly, [[m|en|economize]] on, especially to keep something for later: ''D'estate bisogna risparmiare l'acqua.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To use time or strength carefully; not to strain a part of the body: ''risparmiare le forze'', ''risparmiare la voce''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # To spend less, or avoid spending: ''Prendendo il treno ho risparmiato venti euro.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # To [[m|en|save]] money, put it aside (also intransitive): ''Sta risparmiando per un viaggio in Giappone.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To [[m|en|spare]] someone something unpleasant; to avoid doing something: ''Risparmiami i dettagli.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # Not to overwork a person or animal.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # To spare, not to strike or harm; to spare someone's life: ''L'incendio ha risparmiato solo la chiesa.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[risparmio]]

+ * [[risparmiatore]]

+ * [[risparmiarsi]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[sparagnare]]

+ * [[sparmiare]]

+ * [[guadagnare]]

+ * [[fr|épargner]]

+ * [[en|spare]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Risparmia il fiato!'' is said ironically to someone whose words are wasted.^(Treccani 2011)^(Zingarelli 2010) The reflexive ''risparmiarsi'' means “to spare oneself, to hold back”.^(DELI 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}