scaricare Italian · revision 39090

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1305–1306, Giordano da Pisa|origins=la carrus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ska.riˈka.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''scaricare''' (first-person singular present scàrico, first-person singular past historic scaricài, past participle scaricàto, auxiliary (transitive) avére or (intransitive) èssere)^(Wiktionary)

+ A literary form is ''scarcare''.^(Devoto–Oli 2026) The Sicilian form is [[m|scn|scarricari]].^(LEI)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|it|s-|caricare|t2=to load]], with the prefix in its sense of removal.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) Meyer-Lübke listed it under [[la-vul|*discarricō|alt=*discarricāre]], with [[ro|descărca]], [[fr|décharger]], [[oc|descargar]], [[ca|descarregar]], [[es|descargar]] and [[pt|descarregar]], but asked whether each language formed the word on its own.^(REW 1935)

+

+ [[caricare]] comes from [[la-lat|carricō|t=to load]], a derivative of [[la|carrus|t=wagon]], a word of Celtic origin.^(Nocentini 2010)^(LEI) The Latin verb is found from about 550 and in glosses;^(LEI) Wartburg supposed that it had replaced classical [[m|la|onerō|t=to load]], which no Romance language keeps, by the 4th century.^(LEI)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Giordano da Pisa's sermons of 1305–1306 have the participle ''scaricato'' in the sense “fasting, sober”, literally with an empty stomach.^(DELI 1999) The verb “to unload, take off a load” is first recorded in Boccaccio's ''Decameron'' (1348–1353), which also has the reflexive “to rid oneself of a burden”.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The figurative “to free from a moral weight” is found in the 14th-century ''Storia di Barlaam''.^(DELI 1999) Boccaccio's ''Corbaccio'' (1354–1355) uses the verb for emptying the bowels.^(LEI) Later centuries added the sense of a river flowing into the sea or a lake (Leonardo, before 1519), “to hurl, deliver” blows or insults (Berni, before 1535), and “to empty” a container (Biringuccio, before 1537).^(DELI 1999)^(LEI) From firearms came ''scarica'', a volley (1648).^(DELI 1999)

+

+ The age of electricity gave ''scaricare'' “to discharge” and the reflexive ''scaricarsi'', said of a clock or battery running down (1875).^(DELI 1999) From 1959 the reflexive also means “to unwind, let off steam”.^(DELI 1999) In computing the verb means “to download”, and colloquially ''scaricare qualcuno'' is to get rid of someone, or to dump a partner.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) The game ''scaricabarili'' (1565) gave the phrase ''fare a scaricabarili'', “to pass the buck”.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1305–1306 – Giordano da Pisa uses ''scaricato'' “fasting”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1348–1353 – Boccaccio uses ''scaricare'' “to unload”.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)

+ * Before 1519 – Leonardo uses it of a river flowing out.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1535 – Francesco Berni uses it for “to hurl”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1648 – ''Scarica'' “volley” is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1875 – The reflexive is used of a clock running down.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1949 – “To discharge” electrically is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(transitive)'' To [[m|en|unload]]: to take off a load, or to free a vehicle or animal of its load: ''Abbiamo scaricato la legna dal furgone.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To set down passengers: ''Il taxi ci ha scaricati davanti alla stazione.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To empty; to fire a weapon or empty it of its rounds.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(transitive, figurative)'' To relieve of a burden or responsibility; to shift blame onto someone: ''scaricare la colpa sugli altri''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(transitive, figurative)'' To vent feelings; to release tension.^(GRADIT 2003)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To pour out, discharge, of a river or drain.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(transitive, colloquial)'' To get rid of someone; to [[m|en|dump]] a partner.^(GRADIT 2003)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To [[m|en|discharge]] a battery or a device, ''(reflexive)'' ''scaricarsi'', to run down.^(GRADIT 2003)^(DELI 1999)

+ # ''(transitive, computing)'' To [[m|en|download]]: ''Ho scaricato il programma dal sito.''^(Wiktionary)^(GRADIT 2003)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To deduct from taxes.^(GRADIT 2003)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[scarico]]

+ * [[scarica]]

+ * [[scaricatore]]

+ * [[scaricamento]]

+ * [[scaricabarile]]

+ * [[scaricabile]]

+ * [[scaricatoio]]

+ * [[riscaricare]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[caricare]]

+ * [[carico]]

+ * [[carro]]

+ * [[fr|décharger]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}