cittadino Italian · revision 39069

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1213, Ritmo lucchese|origins=la cīvitās}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /t͡ʃit.taˈdi.no/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cittadino''' (feminine cittadina, masculine plural cittadini, feminine plural cittadine)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old Italian forms include [[m|roa-oit|citadino]], [[m|roa-oit|cetadino]] and the Sicilian [[m|roa-oit|chitatinu]].^(TLIO) Romagnol has [[m|rgn|zitadēn]].^(LEI|14, 913)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|it|cittade|-ino]], the first part being the old form of [[città]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary)^(TLIO)^(DEI|969) The LEI sets beside the widespread [[la-vul|*cīvitānus]] a form [[m|la-vul|*cīvitīnus]] for Friuli and Italy, based on [[la|cīvitās|t=citizenship; city]].^(LEI|14, 913)^(Körting 1907) The first continues in [[ro|cetățean]], [[fro|citeain]] (later [[m|fro|citoien]]), [[pro|ciutadan]], [[ca|ciutadà]], [[es|ciudadano]] and [[pt|cidadão]]; the second in [[fur|citadìn]] and Italian.^(LEI|14, 913)^(REW 1935) According to the LEI the word, like the noun for city, is a northern form that entered Tuscany and spread from there, a sign of the weight of the Lombard cities in the early Middle Ages.^(LEI|14, 913)

+

+ The word passed into [[fr|citadin]] in the 13th century, and into [[es|citadino]] and [[pt|citadino]].^(DEI|969)^(REW 1935)^(DIFIT)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLIO's first record is the ''Ritmo lucchese'' of 1213.^(TLIO)^(Nocentini 2010) DELI dates the adjective “of the city” to the 13th century and the noun “one who has citizenship, inhabitant of a city” to about 1266, in Guidotto da Bologna.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Old Italian the noun named a town dweller, as against the people of the countryside, and in law one who had the rights of citizenship of a city, as against those of the surrounding ''contado'' and foreigners.^(TLIO) Brunetto Latini explains that people are not citizens because they live within one wall but because they live under one law.^(GDLI) In the medieval communes a ''cittadino'' could also be of a rank between the nobility and the common people.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(TLIO) The adjective meant “civic” and “internal, civil”, as in civil strife (from 1260–1261), and in Boccaccio “refined, urbane”.^(LEI|14, 913)^(TLIO)

+

+ The modern sense of a member of a state with its rights and duties goes back to the French Revolution, when ''cittadino'' followed [[fr|citoyen]] as the title of every member of the French state, whatever their rank.^(LEI|14, 913)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026) In French ''citadine'' named a public carriage in large cities from 1832.^(DIFIT)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1213 – The ''Ritmo lucchese'' gives the first record.^(TLIO)^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * 13th century – French ''citadin'' is recorded.^(DEI|969)^(DIFIT)

+ * About 1266 – Guidotto da Bologna uses the noun for a citizen.^(DELI 1999)

+ * About 1274 – GRADIT's first date for the word.^(GRADIT 2003)

+ * Late 18th century – The French Revolution makes ''cittadino'' a title, after ''citoyen''.^(LEI|14, 913)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of the [[città|alt=city]], of its life and inhabitants: ''Il traffico cittadino è peggiorato.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(dated)'' [[m|en|urbane]], refined, as opposed to rustic.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # ''(archaic)'' [[m|en|civic]]; also internal, among the citizens: ''lotte cittadine''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # An inhabitant of a city: ''I cittadini di Bologna hanno votato ieri.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # A [[m|en|citizen]]: one who holds the citizenship of a state: ''È cittadino italiano da dieci anni.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(figurative)'' A member of an ideal community: ''cittadino del mondo''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(history)'' In the medieval communes, a person of the middle rank between nobles and common people; in revolutionary France, the title of every member of the state.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # A fellow citizen, [[concittadino]].^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[cittadinanza]]

+ * [[concittadino]]

+ * [[stracittadino]]

+ * [[cittadinesco]]

+ * [[incittadinarsi]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[città]]

+ * [[cittadella]]

+ * [[civile]]

+ * [[la|cīvitās]]

+ * [[fr|citoyen]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}