guarire Italian · revision 38999

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=borrowing|attested=early 13th century, Uguccione da Lodi|origins=frk *warjan}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɡwaˈri.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''guarire''' (first-person singular present guarìsco, first-person singular past historic guarìi, past participle guarìto, auxiliary (intransitive) èssere or (transitive) avére)^(Wiktionary)

+ The older variant [[guerire]] is now archaic;^(TLIO)^(DELI 1999)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) Old Italian also had northern [[m|roa-oit|garir]] and a past participle [[m|roa-oit|guaruto]].^(TLIO)^(DELI 1999)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is probably [[bor|fro|guarir]], from [[frk|*warjan|t=to protect, ward off]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(TLIO)^(Wiktionary) DELI and Zingarelli only give a Germanic source of the same form, meaning “to protect, keep away” and “to defend”, and Devoto–Oli takes it from Lombardic.^(DELI 1999)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) Battisti and Alessio explain that the Frankish verb was Latinised in Gallo-Romance with the sense of keeping illness away, and spread with Carolingian culture to Italian, Catalan and Spanish, where it replaced [[la|sānō]] and [[m|la|medicor]].^(DEI|1887) Wiktionary allows an intermediate late [[la-vul|*wariō|alt=*warīre]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The same word is [[fr|guérir]], [[oc|garir]] and [[ca|guarir]], and [[osp|guarir]], with the same form in Old Portuguese (now [[es|guarecer]] and [[pt|guarecer]]).^(Nocentini 2010)^(Körting 1907)^(Wiktionary) In Germanic it is related to [[goh|werian]], [[de|wehren|t=to prevent, resist]] and [[got|𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=warjan|t=to forbid]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(Zaccaria 1901) The variant [[guerire]] shows the influence of the French verb.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+

+ Zaccaria explains the shift of meaning as a narrowing from “to defend” in general to “to defend a sick person, to heal”.^(Zaccaria 1901)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLIO's first record is in Uguccione da Lodi, early in the 13th century (Cremona), in the sense of making a sick or wounded person well.^(TLIO) DELI's first dated records are ''guerire'' in Brunetto Latini (before 1294) and figurative ''guariri'' in King Enzo (before 1272).^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Old Italian already had the full range of senses: curing a person, a disease or a wound; freeing someone from love-sickness or a vice; and intransitively recovering one's health.^(TLIO)^(DELI 1999) In Dante's ''Inferno'' (canto 27) Constantine sent for Pope Sylvester ''a guerir de la lebbre'' (“to cure him of leprosy”).^(GDLI) Extended senses lasted less: saving from evil, redeeming from sin, restoring someone's honour, and even making goods presentable again.^(TLIO)

+

+ Both forms were long in use: the ''Deputati'' who revised the ''Decameron'' noted that the best old books write ''guerire'' and ''guarire'' alike.^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861) ''Guarigione'' is late 13th century, and Battisti and Alessio take it from French ''guérison''.^(DELI 1999)^(DEI|1887) The ''guaritore'' who claims to heal by unscientific means is recorded from 1945, in Carlo Levi.^(DELI 1999) A proverb says ''il tempo guarisce tutti i mali'', time heals all wounds.^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Early 13th century – Uguccione da Lodi uses the verb.^(TLIO)

+ * Before 1272 – King Enzo uses ''guariri'' figuratively.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1294 – Brunetto Latini uses ''guerire''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * End of the 13th century – ''Guarigione'' appears in the ''Novellino''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 14th century – ''Guaritore'' is recorded.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * 1861 – ''Inguaribile'' is recorded.^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * 1945 – Carlo Levi uses ''guaritore'' for a folk healer.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(transitive)'' To [[m|en|cure]], to [[m|en|heal]] a person: ''Le cure l'hanno guarita in poche settimane.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To cure an illness: ''Questo sciroppo guarisce la tosse.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(transitive, figurative)'' To free someone from a vice or a moral ill.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To [[m|en|recover]], to get well: ''È guarito dall'influenza.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' Of an illness, to pass; of a wound, to heal.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(intransitive, figurative)'' To get over a vice or a bad habit.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[guaribile]]

+ * [[guarigione]]

+ * [[guaritore]]

+ * [[inguaribile]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[guarnire]]

+ * [[fr|guérir]]

+ * [[de|wehren]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The verb is conjugated with ''-isc-'' (''guarisco'', ''guarisci''); the transitive verb takes ''avere'', the intransitive ''essere''.^(Wiktionary)^(Gabrielli 2020) An obsolete use was ''guarire un liquido'', to purify it.^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}