spingere Italian · revision 38975

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=before 1294, Guittone d'Arezzo|origins=ine-pro *peh₂ǵ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈspin.d͡ʒe.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''spingere''' (first-person singular present spìngo, first-person singular past historic spìnsi, past participle spìnto, auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+ The old and regional form is [[spignere]]; poetry also has [[pingere]], and older Italian [[pignere]].^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la-vul|*expingō|alt=*expingere]], formed with [[m|la|ex-]] on [[la|pangō|t=to drive in, fix]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) The form with ⟨-ing-⟩ for ⟨-ang-⟩ follows the classical compounds [[m|la|impingō|t=to drive against]] and [[m|la|compingō|t=to fasten together]].^(Wiktionary)^(Körting 1907) The same word is [[fro|espeindre]], [[pro|espenher]] and [[ca|espenyer]], and Meyer-Lübke adds [[dlm|spangro]] and a Gardenese verb meaning “to shove”.^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935) DEI calls it Dalmatian and western pan-Romance.^(DEI|3593)

+

+ The Latin verb is from [[itc-pro|*pang-|t=to attach]], from [[ine-pro|*peh₂ǵ-|t=to fasten]] with a nasal infix; [[grc|πήγνυμι|tr=pḗgnumi|t=to fix, join]] and [[m|la|pāx|t=peace]] belong to the same root.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ A different Latin [[m|la|expingō|t=to paint]], from [[m|la|pingō|t=to paint]], is the source of [[spegnere]], with an older sense “to wipe out”.^(REW 1935)^(Körting 1907)^(Wiktionary) GRADIT points to it in its entry, and Meyer-Lübke explains that the Sienese form of that verb, taken into the written language, kept the two apart.^(GRADIT 2003)^(REW 1935)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Medieval Latin ''spingere'' is recorded at Venice in 1290.^(DELI 1999) The first Italian record is figurative: Guittone d'Arezzo (before 1294) uses the verb for “to urge, spur on”.^(DELI 1999)^(Zingarelli 2010) The literal sense “to press on something so that it moves” is recorded in Iacopo Passavanti in 1354;^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003) Nocentini and GRADIT put the first record at the beginning of the 13th century.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Petrarch the verb is already both literal and figurative: love “drives and draws” the soul (''Amor la spigne e tira''), not by choice but by destiny.^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861) Manzoni has it for directing the gaze (''spingeva lo sguardo in su'', 1825–1827).^(DELI 1999) The reflexive ''spingersi'' “to go forward, venture” is recorded from the 16th century, in Gelli and Annibal Caro, and “to dare, go so far as” from 1922; the intransitive “to push, jostle” appears in a dictionary of 1960.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ The derivatives took their own paths: ''spinta'' “push” is in Medieval Latin at Todi in 1275 and later means “encouragement, backing”, ''spintarella'' became “a word in the right ear, string-pulling” in 1938, and ''spinto'' as an adjective came to mean “excessive” and “risqué” in the 19th century.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010) Modern Italian also uses ''spingere'' for pressing a button or a pedal and for running a machine at full power.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) In music ''spingere l'arcata'' is to draw the bow upwards.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(DIFIT)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1275 – Medieval Latin ''spinta'' “push” is recorded at Todi.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1290 – Medieval Latin ''spingere'' is recorded at Venice.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1294 – Guittone d'Arezzo uses ''spingere'' for “to urge on”.^(DELI 1999)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ * 1354 – Iacopo Passavanti uses it in the literal sense “to push”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1374 – Petrarch has the participle ''spinto''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 16th century – ''Respingere'' “to push back” is recorded.^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * 1825–1827 – Manzoni writes of “pushing” one's gaze upwards in ''I promessi sposi''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1922 – The reflexive sense “to dare, go so far as” is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1965 – ''Spintonare'' “to shove” is recorded in football language.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(transitive)'' To [[m|en|push]], to press on something so that it moves: ''Abbiamo spinto la macchina fino al distributore.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To press a control: ''spingere il pulsante dell'ascensore''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To [[m|en|shove]] a person, to make them move, stumble or fall: ''Qualcuno l'ha spinto giù dalle scale.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transitive)'' Of wind or water, to carry along in one direction.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To stretch a part of the body forward or out; to direct the gaze far: ''spingere lo sguardo verso il mare''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(transitive, figurative)'' To [[m|en|urge]], drive someone to do something: ''La curiosità lo spinse ad aprire la lettera.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To press against something; to jostle in a crowd: ''Non spingete, c'è posto per tutti.''^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(intransitive, figurative)'' To press hard for something: ''Il sindacato spinge per un nuovo contratto.''^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(reflexive, spingersi)'' To venture, go as far as; figuratively, to dare: ''Ci siamo spinti fino al rifugio.''^(Zingarelli 2010)^(DELI 1999)

+ # ''(transitive, slang)'' To push drugs.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[sospingere]]

+ * [[spinta]]

+ * [[spintarella]]

+ * [[spinto]]

+ * [[spintonare]]

+ * [[spintone]]

+ * [[spintore]]

+ * [[spingitore]]

+ * [[controspinta]]

+ * [[respingere]]

+ * [[respinta]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[spingersi]]

+ * [[spegnere]]

+ * [[impingere]]

+ * [[pace]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ An old verb ''spingere'' “to wipe off a painting”, the opposite of ''dipingere'', is recorded in Giovanni Villani and Franco Sacchetti, of coats of arms that had to be painted over.^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)^(DEI|3593)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}