fumare Italian · revision 38945

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1282, Restoro d'Arezzo|origins=ine-pro *dʰuh₂mós}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /fuˈma.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''fumare''' (first-person singular present fùmo, first-person singular past historic fumài, past participle fumàto, auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+ An old spelling is [[roa-oit|fummare]].^(TLIO)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)^(GDLI) It survives as a rarer variant.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la|fūmō|t=to smoke, give off smoke]], a verb formed from [[m|la|fūmus|t=smoke]], the source of [[fumo]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto 1968) The verb lived on across the Romance languages: [[fr|fumer]], [[oc|fumar]], [[ca|fumar]], [[sc|fumare]], [[rm|fümer]], [[fur|fumâ]] and [[ro|fuma]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935)^(Körting 1907)

+

+ The Latin noun goes back to [[itc-pro|*fūmo-]] and [[ine-pro|*dʰuh₂mós|t=smoke]].^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan notes that a long vowel would be expected to shorten before the resonant, and follows Schrijver in explaining the ⟨ū⟩ by the influence of [[m|la|fūlīgō|t=soot]] and [[m|la|suffiō|t=to fumigate]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLIO's first record is in the ''Composizione del mondo'' of Restoro d'Arezzo (1282), in the sense “to give off smoke”.^(TLIO)^(Zingarelli 2010) DELI's first record of that sense is in Folgore da San Gimignano at the end of the 13th century, who wants wine drawn and the kitchen smoking (“Far trar del vino e fumar la cucina”).^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Old Italian used the verb for steam rising, for humours that rise from the stomach to the head, for dust stirred up by fighting, and for exposing something to smoke to perfume or cure it.^(TLIO) Dante uses it transitively for giving off smoke or vapour (before 1321), and in Inferno 25 the two damned souls “fummavan forte”, smoked hard, one through the wound and the other through the mouth.^(DELI 1999)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861) In the Middle Ages ''fumare'' in a place also meant having one's hearth there, that is, a fixed home for taxation.^(GRADIT 2003)

+

+ The sense “to smoke tobacco” is recorded from 1699, after tobacco had come to Europe;^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI) Lorenzo Magalotti describes a boy given to drinking and smoking.^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI) Anger has made people “fume” since the 16th century.^(DEI|1732) Derivatives followed: ''fumata'' (1588), ''fumatore'' “smoker” (1829) and ''fumeria'' “opium den” (1939), from French ''fumerie''.^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1282 – Restoro d'Arezzo uses ''fumare'' “to give off smoke”.^(TLIO)

+ * End of the 13th century – Folgore da San Gimignano writes of the kitchen smoking.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1321 – Dante uses the verb transitively.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1588 – ''Fumata'' is recorded.^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * 1699 – The sense “to smoke tobacco” is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1829 – ''Fumatore'' “smoker” is recorded.^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To give off smoke: ''Dal comignolo usciva fumo: la stufa fumava.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # To give off [[m|en|steam]] or vapour: ''Il brodo fuma nella tazza.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To fume, to be very angry: ''fumare di rabbia''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|smoke]] tobacco or another substance: ''Fuma tre sigari al giorno.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To be a smoker: ''Ha smesso di fumare dopo trent'anni.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(literary)'' To give off smoke or vapour; figuratively, to arouse.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(historical)'' In the Middle Ages, to have one's hearth in a place, a fixed home for taxation.^(GRADIT 2003)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[fumante]]

+ * [[fumata]]

+ * [[fumatore]]

+ * [[fumatoio]]

+ * [[rifumare]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[fumaiolo]]

+ * [[fumigare]]

+ * [[fumo]]

+ * [[la|fumus]]

+ * [[fr|fumer]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Fumare come un turco'' means to smoke very heavily.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010) ''Mi fuma la testa'' or ''il cervello'' is said when one can no longer think after too much mental effort.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}