bugiardo Italian · revision 38936

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=1268, Andrea da Grosseto|origins=pro bauzia}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /buˈd͡ʒar.do/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''bugiardo''' (feminine bugiarda, masculine plural bugiardi, feminine plural bugiarde)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old Italian forms include ''busardo'', ''buxardo'', ''bosardo'' and ''busgiardo''.^(TLIO) The northern ''bogiadro'' is in Gerardo Patecchio in the 13th century, and Tommaseo still lists ''bugiadro'' as an old form.^(DELI 1999)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|it|bugia|-ardo|t1=lie]], as GRADIT, GDLI and Wiktionary analyse it.^(GRADIT 2003)^(GDLI)^(Wiktionary) DELI, Devoto and the TLIO describe it more exactly as the Tuscan adaptation of northern [[roa-oit|bugiadro]], with the pejorative ending ⟨-ardo⟩ in place of ⟨-adro⟩.^(DELI 1999)^(Devoto 1968)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(TLIO) The northern word goes back to the Medieval Latin agent noun [[m|la-med|bausiator|t=deceiver]], found in Ratherius in the 10th century.^(DELI 1999)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Devoto 1968)

+

+ The noun [[bugia]] is [[pro|bauzia|t=deceit]], which goes back to [[gem-pro|*bausja-|t=evil]], the source of [[goh|bōsi]] and [[de|böse]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935) Zingarelli and Gabrielli start instead from [[m|pro|bauzios|t=deceitful]], an adjective formed on the noun.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Gabrielli 2020) Meyer-Lübke set the adjective beside [[m|pro|bauzaire|t=deceiver]], the source of [[roa-oit|buziero]] in old Venetian texts.^(REW 1935)^(DEI|630)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLIO's first record is the Tuscan translation by Andrea da Grosseto of 1268, with the sense “that tells lies”.^(TLIO)^(Zingarelli 2010) DELI gives the noun “liar” from the 13th-century ''Fiore di virtù'' and the adjective from Bartolomeo da San Concordio (before 1347), who writes: ''Il dimonio è bugiardo e padre della bugia'' (“The devil is a liar and the father of lies”).^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Dante says the same of the devil: ''ch'elli è bugiardo, e padre di menzogna'' (“that he is a liar, and the father of falsehood”).^(GDLI) He also extended the word to things that deceive, in ''al tempo de li dèi falsi e bugiardi'' (“in the time of the false and lying gods”).^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(DELI 1999) Old Italian used it for what deceives the senses and for a traitor.^(TLIO) Boccaccio has the sense “false, mendacious” in the ''Decameron'' (1348–1353).^(DELI 1999)

+

+ A ''pera bugiarda'' is a variety of pear: Treccani and GRADIT say it cracks easily, Zingarelli and Gabrielli that it looks unripe when it is ripe.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Treccani 2011)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Gabrielli 2020) In sport a ''risultato bugiardo'' is a score that does not reflect the run of the game.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010) The derivative ''sbugiardare'' “to show up as a liar” dates from the 16th century.^(Nocentini 2010) French borrowed ''bugiarder'' from Italian in the 16th century, and English had ''bugiard'' from before 1596.^(DEI|630)^(DIFIT)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 10th century – Medieval Latin ''bausiator'' is recorded in Ratherius.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1268 – Andrea da Grosseto uses ''bugiardo''.^(TLIO)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ * 13th century – Gerardo Patecchio has the northern ''bogiadro''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 13th century – The ''Fiore di virtù'' uses ''bugiardo'' as a noun.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1321 – Dante uses it for “vain, deceptive”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1348–1353 – Boccaccio uses it for “false, mendacious”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1596 – English ''bugiard'' is recorded.^(DIFIT)

+ * Before 1742 – ''Bugiarderia'' “lie” is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|lying]], that tells lies, habitually or on one occasion: ''Non fidarti di lui, è un ragazzo bugiardo.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # False, untrue: ''promesse bugiarde''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(literary)'' Deceptive, [[m|en|illusory]].^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(sport)'' Of a result, not reflecting how the game went.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(archaic)'' Disloyal, treacherous.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|liar]]: ''Sei proprio una bugiarda, lo sapevi già.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[sbugiardare]]

+ * [[bugiarderia]]

+ * [[bugiardaggine]]

+ * [[bugiardamente]]

+ * [[bugiardino]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[bugia]]

+ * [[pro|bauzia]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Dare del bugiardo a qualcuno'' is to call someone a liar.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026) A proverb says ''il bugiardo deve avere buona memoria'', the liar needs a good memory not to contradict himself.^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}