giardino Italian · revision 38895

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=late 12th century, Proverbia que dicuntur|origins=frk *gardo}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /d͡ʒarˈdi.no/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''giardino''' ''m'' (plural giardini, diminutive giardinétto or giardinùccio, augmentative giardinòne, pejorative giardinàccio)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old Italian forms include ''zardino'', ''iardino'', ''çardin'' and ''ziardino''.^(TLIO)^(GDLI|6, 769)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|fr|jardin]], recorded in French from the 12th century, a derivative of Old French [[m|fro|jart]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) That word comes from [[frk|*gardo|t=enclosure]], related to [[goh|garto]] and modern [[de|Garten]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(DELI 1999)^(REW 1935) The French noun was probably first an adjective in a Gallo-Romance phrase [[la-vul|*hortus gardinus|t=enclosed garden]], since an enclosure is what the Germanic word means.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GDLI|6, 769) The form [[la-med|gardinium]] is recorded from the 10th century.^(GRADIT 2003)^(DEI|1805)

+

+ [[es|jardín]] and [[pt|jardim]] were also borrowed from French, and [[en|garden]] comes from the Norman variant [[fro|gardin]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935)^(Körting 1907) The Frankish word goes back to the root of [[orto]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(Devoto 1968)

+

+ The diminutive [[giardinetto]] and the noun [[giardiniera]] also depend on French models, [[fr|jardinet]] and [[m|fr|jardinière]].^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Forms ''gerdinos'' and ''iardinos'' appear in a document from Rossano of perhaps 1104, and Prati cites Genoese ''jardino'' in documents of the 10th–12th centuries.^(DELI 1999)^(Prati 1951|501) In Italian texts the word appears in the 13th century: ''zardino'' in Guido Faba, ''jardino'' in Cielo d'Alcamo, and ''giardino'' in Giacomino Pugliese, always as a plot planted with ornamental plants.^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI|6, 769) The TLIO's first record is the Venetian ''Proverbia que dicuntur''.^(TLIO)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Old Italian the garden became an image of any pleasant, fertile place, of a kingdom, of the earthly paradise and of heaven; by antiphrasis it could even name a latrine.^(TLIO) Dante calls paradise ''il bel giardino che sotto i raggi di Cristo s'infiora'', “the fair garden that blossoms beneath the rays of Christ”.^(GRADIT 2003) A 13th-century sonnet already calls Italy ''il giardino''.^(Prati 1951|501)

+

+ Modern compounds were mostly coined in the 19th century: ''giardino pubblico'' (1795), ''giardino zoologico'' (1841), ''giardino d'infanzia'' (1869, a translation of German ''Kindergarten'') and ''giardino d'inverno'' (1918, after French ''jardin d'hiver'').^(DELI 1999)^(Treccani 2011) ''Città giardino'' is a residential district of villas among greenery.^(DELI 1999)^(Zingarelli 2010) It can also mean a citrus or orange grove.^(GRADIT 2003) German borrowed the word as ''giardin'' in 1472–1473.^(DIFIT)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 10th century – Medieval Latin ''gardinium'' is recorded.^(GRADIT 2003)^(DEI|1805)

+ * 1104 (?) – ''Iardinos'' appears in a document from Rossano.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 13th century – ''Zardino'', ''jardino'' and ''giardino'' in Guido Faba, Cielo d'Alcamo and Giacomino Pugliese.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Late 13th century – ''Giardiniere'' appears in the ''Novellino''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1795 – ''Giardino pubblico'' is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1841 – ''Giardino zoologico'' is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1869 – ''Giardino d'infanzia'' “kindergarten” is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1918 – ''Giardino d'inverno'' “conservatory” is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|garden]], a plot of land, usually enclosed, planted with ornamental plants and flowers: ''Pranziamo in giardino quando fa bel tempo.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(figurative)'' A fertile, pleasant place: ''Questa costa è un giardino.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # A citrus or orange grove.^(GRADIT 2003)

+ # ''(figurative, literary)'' [[m|en|paradise]].^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[giardiniere]]

+ * [[giardiniera]]

+ * [[giardinetto]]

+ * [[giardinetta]]

+ * [[giardinaggio]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[orto]]

+ * [[fr|jardin]]

+ * [[de|Garten]]

+ * [[en|garden]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Types are named after national styles: ''giardino all'italiana'' with geometric beds and clipped hedges, ''giardino all'inglese'' imitating nature with lawns and groves, ''giardino alla francese'' with symmetrical straight lines.^(Treccani 2011)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Gabrielli 2020) ''Giardino d'infanzia'' for a nursery school is now dated.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}