padrone Italian · revision 38879

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=13th century, Ugo di Perso|origins=la pater}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /paˈdro.ne/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''padrone''' ''m'' (plural padroni, feminine padrona)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la|patrōnus|t=protector, patron]], a derivative of [[m|la|pater|t=father]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) In Rome the patron was the powerful man in relation to those he protected: the former master of freed slaves, the advocate of a client.^(Nocentini 2010) DELI quotes Migliorini's view that the sense “master” goes back to the late Roman patronage system, in which many people gave up their freedom and their tax burdens to become tenants of rich landowners, their patrons.^(DELI 1999) The Latin noun was formed on the model of [[m|la|colōnus|t=farmer]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The Italian ending follows the nouns of the Latin third declension, and the voiced /d/ for Latin /t/ shows that the word spread through the northern dialects;^(GRADIT 2003)^(GDLI)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(DEI|2718) DEI calls it a word of northern origin.^(GRADIT 2003)^(GDLI)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(DEI|2718) It is [[vec|paron]], [[fur|parôn]], [[sc|padronu]] and Engadine [[m|rm|padrun]]; further west it gave [[oc|pairon|t=father]], [[ca|parró|t=peasant]], and [[es|padrón]] and [[pt|padrão]], which mean a register or a standard.^(REW 1935)^(Nocentini 2010) The learned doublet is [[patrono]].^(Wiktionary)^(REW 1935)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLIO's first record is in the Cremonese poet Ugo di Perso, of the 13th century, and its first sense is the master of a servant or squire.^(TLIO) DELI's first dated sense is Dante's “absolute ruler” (1300–1313), and Dante also uses the word for a city's patron saint: ''I' fui de la città che nel Batista / mutò 'l primo padrone'', “I was of the city that exchanged its first patron for the Baptist”.^(DELI 1999)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The nautical sense, the owner and master of a ship, is old in the north: Medieval Latin ''patronus'' in Venice in 1255, Venetian ''paron'' in 1311, and ''padrone'' in Francesco da Barberino in 1314.^(DELI 1999) The employer appears in Alberti (1437–1438) and San Bernardino, and the owner of a thing in Davanzati (before 1606).^(DELI 1999) From the 16th century ''padrone'' also meant one who has full command of a subject, and ''padronanza'' came to mean thorough knowledge of a language or a field.^(DELI 1999)

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+ In the 20th century ''padronato'' named the employers as a social class (1958).^(DELI 1999) English took ''padrone'' from Italian as a sea term in the 17th and 18th centuries, and, from 1860 for an Italian innkeeper and for a man who exploited Italian immigrants.^(DEI|2718)^(DIFIT) German had ''Patron'' for the master of a ship from 1434.^(DIFIT)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 13th century – Ugo di Perso uses ''padrone''.^(TLIO)

+ * 1255 – Medieval Latin ''patronus'' is used at Venice for the master of a ship.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1300–1313 – Dante uses ''padrone'' for an absolute ruler.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1311 – Venetian ''paron'' is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1314 – Francesco da Barberino uses ''padrone'' for the master of a ship.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1370 – ''Padroneggiare'' is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1437–1438 – Alberti uses ''padrone'' for an employer.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1660 – English ''padrone'' is recorded as a sea term.^(DEI|2718)

+ * 1860 – English ''padrone'' is used for an exploiter of immigrants.^(DIFIT)

+ * 1958 – ''Padronato'' is used for the employers as a class.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|owner]]: one who owns something: ''Il padrone del bar ci ha offerto il caffè.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''padrone di casa'': the [[m|en|landlord]] of a house or flat, or the host who receives guests.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # The owner of an animal, who keeps and looks after it.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # [[m|en|employer]], [[m|en|boss]]: ''Ha chiesto un aumento al padrone.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Absolute ruler, master of a place or situation.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(also adjectival)'' In full control of oneself, or having full knowledge of a subject: ''Parla da padrone del mestiere.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # Free to do something: ''Sei padrone di rifiutare.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(nautical)'' The master of a small vessel; also the owner of a ship.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(TLIO)

+ # ''(dated or humorous)'' A title of respect.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[padroneggiare]]

+ * [[spadroneggiare]]

+ * [[impadronirsi]]

+ * [[padronale]]

+ * [[padronanza]]

+ * [[padronato]]

+ * [[padroncino]]

+ * [[padronaggio]]

+ * [[padronesco]]

+ * [[sottopadrone]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[patrono]]

+ * [[padre]]

+ * [[la|patronus]]

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+ ==Usage notes==

+ The truncated form ''padron'' is placed before a name as a title for the head of a family in some regions.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) ''Padronissimo!'', the superlative, means “you are perfectly free to”.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}