fumo Italian · revision 38855

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=first half of the 13th century|origins=ine-pro *dʰuh₂mós}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈfu.mo/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''fumo''' ''m'' (plural fumi)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la|fūmus|t=smoke]], from [[itc-pro|*fūmos]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary)^(de Vaan 2008) The word is pan-Romance: [[fro|fum]] (modern [[fr|fumée]]), [[oc|fum]], [[ca|fum]], [[es|humo]], [[pt|fumo]], [[sc|fumu]] and [[ro|fum]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935)^(Körting 1907)

+

+ The Latin word goes back to [[ine-pro|*dʰuh₂mós|t=smoke]], and is cognate with [[sa|धूम|tr=dhūmá|t=smoke]], [[lt|dūmai|t=smoke]], [[cu|дꙑмъ|tr=dymŭ]] and [[goh|toum|t=steam]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Nocentini 2010)^(Wiktionary) In [[grc|θυμός|tr=thūmós]] the meaning shifted to “spirit, life force”.^(Nocentini 2010)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Devoto 1968|193) De Vaan notes that the long vowel of the Latin word is unexpected, and Schrijver explained it by analogy.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Nocentini dates the word to the first half of the 13th century, and the TLIO's first record is the Cremonese poet Ugo di Perso.^(Nocentini 2010)^(TLIO) DELI's first record is Bono Giamboni, before 1292, in the sense “the gases of a combustion carrying solid particles”;^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI) Giamboni tells of a fire whose ''fummo'' made all the country stink.^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Figurative senses came early: “empty appearance” in Giordano da Pisa (1303–06) and “pride, vanity” in Lorenzo de' Medici (1491).^(DELI 1999) Old medicine held that vapours rose from the stomach to the brain, and ''fumo'' named them from the early 14th century; the modern ''i fumi dell'alcol'' still uses the plural so.^(DELI 1999)^(TLIO)^(GRADIT 2003) The phrase ''vendere fumo'', to deceive with empty promises, goes back to Latin ''fumum vendere'' in Martial.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ The smoke of tobacco is recorded from Ramusio in 1565, and the verb [[fumare]] “to smoke tobacco” from 1699.^(DELI 1999) The derivative ''fumetto'' first named the speech balloon of a cartoon (1942) and then the comic strip itself.^(DELI 1999) The papal ''fumata'' is recorded in the 19th century.^(DELI 1999) In youth slang ''fumo'' is hashish.^(GRADIT 2003)^(GDLI)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * First half of the 13th century – The word is first recorded.^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * Before 1292 – Bono Giamboni uses ''fummo''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1303–1306 – Giordano da Pisa uses it for empty appearance.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1491 – Lorenzo de' Medici uses it for vanity.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1565 – Ramusio uses it for tobacco smoke.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1942 – ''Fumetto'' is recorded for a speech balloon.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|smoke]], the gases of a burning substance with particles suspended in them: ''Dal camino usciva un fumo nero.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # Tobacco smoke, and the habit of [[fumare|alt=smoking]]: ''Ha smesso con il fumo da un anno.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # Steam or vapour: ''il fumo della minestra''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Empty appearance, something without substance: ''Le sue promesse sono solo fumo.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(figurative, chiefly plural)'' A clouding of the mind: ''i fumi del vino''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(slang)'' [[m|en|hashish]], or another drug that is smoked.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # ''(invariable)'' Dark grey, smoke-coloured: ''una giacca grigio fumo''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[fumaiolo]]

+ * [[fumante]]

+ * [[fumare]]

+ * [[fumarola]]

+ * [[fumata]]

+ * [[fumatore]]

+ * [[fumeria]]

+ * [[fumettista]]

+ * [[fumido]]

+ * [[fumigare]]

+ * [[fumigazione]]

+ * [[fumista]]

+ * [[fumisteria]]

+ * [[fumetto]]

+ * [[affumicare]]

+ * [[sfumare]]

+ * [[fumoso]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[profumo]]

+ * [[la|fūmus]]

+ * [[fr|fumée]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Set phrases include ''andare in fumo'' (to come to nothing), ''vedere come il fumo negli occhi'' (to loathe), ''molto fumo e poco arrosto'' (all show and no substance) and ''fumo passivo'' (passive smoking).^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011) The older and popular form ''fummo'' is still recorded.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}