funerale Italian · revision 38821

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1339–1341, Boccaccio|origins=la fūnus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /fu.neˈra.le/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''funerale''' ''m'' (plural funerali)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a learned word, [[bor|la-lat|fūnerālis|t=funeral, funereal]], an adjective formed from the stem of [[la|fūnus|t=funeral rites]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Wiktionary) The noun use already existed in Late Latin: DEI and the GDLI cite a neuter [[m|la-lat|funerale]] from the glosses beside the adjective, found in Saint Augustine.^(DEI|1734)^(GDLI|6, 458) Tommaseo–Bellini explains the noun as the adjective with a word for “rite” or “pomp” understood, and Zingarelli suggests that the frequent plural is short for a phrase meaning “funeral rites”.^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)^(Zingarelli 2010) [[fr|funérailles]] comes from the neuter plural [[m|la|fūnerālia]], and [[es|funeral]] is both adjective and noun.^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ The origin of [[m|la|fūnus]] is uncertain.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) De Vaan mentions two guesses: a root “to be afraid”, if an old gloss form [[la|*foinos]] is real, or a [[ine-pro|*dʰeuh₂-nes-|t=closing ceremony]], from a root “to end”, after Watkins; he finds neither compelling.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The adjective came first: the TLIO's first record is Boccaccio's ''Teseida'' (1339–1341), and GRADIT dates it to 1348–1353, the years of the ''Decameron'', where the dead are carried to church “with funeral pomp of wax and chant” (''con funeral pompa di cera e di canti'').^(TLIO)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(GDLI|6, 458) The noun, the rites that honour a dead person, is first recorded in Pandolfo Collenuccio (before 1504).^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the 14th century the adjective formed set phrases such as ''ufficio funerale'', the rite of farewell at a burial.^(TLIO) It stayed in literary use, as in Leopardi's ''funeral mio letto'', but the noun took over in ordinary language from the 16th century, often in the plural for a solemn ceremony: Bandello and Davila already speak of ''i funerali''.^(GDLI|6, 458)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

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+ Figuratively the word is used for anything gloomy: a dull party or a sad face (''faccia da funerale'') is ''un funerale''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011) Modern usage distinguishes the ''funerale civile'', without religious rites, and the ''funerale di Stato'', held at public expense.^(Treccani 2011)^(GRADIT 2003) German music uses ''funerale'' as a performance direction.^(DIFIT)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1339–1341 – Boccaccio uses the adjective ''funerale'' in the ''Teseida''.^(TLIO)^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * 1348–1353 – The ''Decameron'' has ''funeral pompa''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(GDLI|6, 458)

+ * 1351–1374 – The related ''funereo'' is recorded.^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * Before 1504 – Pandolfo Collenuccio uses the noun.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * 1815 – ''Funerario'' is recorded.^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|funeral]], the civil or religious ceremony in which a dead person is taken to [[m|en|burial]] and given the last honours; also in the plural: ''I funerali si terranno giovedì in duomo.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(figurative)'' A gathering or event with no cheer at all; also a gloomy person: ''Quella cena è stata un funerale.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # ''(literary)'' Of a funeral or of the dead; [[funebre]].^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[funeralesco]]

+ * [[funeralmente]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[funebre]]

+ * [[funerante]]

+ * [[funeratizio]]

+ * [[funere]]

+ * [[funesto]]

+ * [[la|fūnus]]

+ * [[fr|funérailles]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Faccia da funerale'' (or ''viso da funerale'') is a very sad expression, and ''essere un funerale'' is said of a person or event without any cheer.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}