carico Italian · revision 38783

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 1260–1261, Brunetto Latini|origins=la carrus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈka.ri.ko/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''carico''' (feminine carica, masculine plural carichi, feminine plural cariche); noun '''carico''' ''m'' (plural carichi)^(Wiktionary)

+ The older and poetic form is [[carco]].^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(TLIO)^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[caricare|t=to load]]: the noun is a deverbal with no suffix, and the adjective is the short form of the past participle, beside the regular [[caricato]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The LEI notes that nouns of this kind, a [[la-lat|*carricum]] or [[m|la-lat|*carrica]], probably already existed in Late Latin, because Romance has early continuations of them, such as [[fur|ciàrie]], [[rm|carga]] and [[fro|carge]] (about 1130);^(LEI|12, 603) Meyer-Lübke also thought they could be Latin.^(REW 1935) Related nouns are [[fr|charge]], [[es|cargo]] and [[pt|carrego]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935)

+

+ The verb continues [[la-vul|*caricō|alt=*caricāre]], recorded in Late Latin glosses as [[m|la-lat|carricō|alt=carricāre]], from [[la|carrus|t=wagon, cart]]; classical Latin said [[m|la|onerō|alt=onerāre]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(Wiktionary) The Latin noun was borrowed from Gaulish.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLIO's first record of the noun is in Brunetto Latini's ''Rettorica'' (about 1260–1261, Florence).^(TLIO) DELI gives the ''Novellino'' (late 13th century) for “what is loaded onto a person, an animal or a vehicle”.^(DELI 1999) The adjective is first recorded in Bono Giamboni's translation of Orosius (1292).^(TLIO)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Dante used ''carco'' both for a load and, figuratively, for a weight on the conscience;^(DELI 1999) Boccaccio has ''carico'' in this sense in 1353.^(DELI 1999) The TLIO lists many early senses of the noun: a tax or financial burden, a task laid on someone, the weight of grief or shame.^(TLIO) Matteo Villani wrote of ships ''di carico'', cargo ships, and used the noun for the act of loading (before 1363).^(GDLI)^(DELI 1999)

+

+ Later the noun took technical senses: the force or weight on a structure (Sebastiano Serlio, before 1555) and, in the card game briscola, the ace and the three (1879).^(DELI 1999) The adjective came to mean deep or intense of a colour (Cellini, before 1571) and strong of coffee (Silvio Pellico, 1832).^(DELI 1999) ''Persona a carico'', a dependant, and ''testimone a carico'', a witness for the prosecution, are modern legal and administrative phrases.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1260–1261 – The noun appears in Brunetto Latini's ''Rettorica''.^(TLIO)

+ * Late 13th century – The ''Novellino'' uses it for a load.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1292 – Bono Giamboni uses the adjective.^(TLIO)

+ * Before 1321 – Dante writes ''carco'' “load; burden”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1348 – Giovanni Villani writes ''carico'' “laden”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1555 – Serlio uses it for the load on a structure.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1571 – Cellini uses it of an intense colour.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1832 – Silvio Pellico uses it of strong coffee.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1879 – The briscola sense is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|loading]], the act of loading goods: ''Il carico del camion è durato tutta la mattina.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # A [[m|en|load]], [[m|en|cargo]]: ''un carico di sabbia'', ''nave da carico'', cargo ship.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(figurative)'' A large amount: ''un carico di botte''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # A burden, responsibility: ''Tutto il carico dell'azienda è sulle sue spalle.'', ''a carico di'', dependent on or chargeable to someone.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(engineering)'' The load or force acting on a structure or machine.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(card games)'' In briscola, the ace or the three of a suit that is not trumps.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|laden]], loaded (with ''di''): ''un furgone carico di mobili''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # Full to capacity; covered with things: ''Lo scaffale è carico di libri.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Weighed down, burdened: ''carico di impegni''; or rich in: ''carico di premi''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # Of a colour, deep, intense; of a drink, strong: ''un verde carico'', ''un espresso carico''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # Ready to work: wound up, charged or loaded: ''La batteria è carica.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[sovraccarico]]

+ * [[stracarico]]

+ * [[sopraccarico]]

+ * [[capocarico]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[caricare]]

+ * [[carica]]

+ * [[incarico]]

+ * [[carro]]

+ * [[caricatura]]

+ * [[fr|charge]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}