gettare Italian · revision 38762

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 12th century, Proverbia que dicuntur|origins=la iaciō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /d͡ʒetˈta.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''gettare''' (first-person singular present gètto, first-person singular past historic gettài, past participle gettàto, auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+ The old and literary form is [[roa-oit|gittare]], also [[roa-oit|giettare]]; northern texts have forms in ''ç-'' and ''z-'' such as ''çetar'', and Wiktionary also lists ''iettare''.^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI|6, 713)^(TLIO)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la-vul|*iectō|alt=*iectāre|t=to throw]], a form of classical [[m|la|iactō|alt=iactāre|t=to throw, toss]], the frequentative of [[m|la|iaciō|t=to throw]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) DELI explains the vowel by the compounds, where ⟨-iact-⟩ had become ⟨-iect-⟩ ([[m|la|coniectō|alt=coniectāre]], [[m|la|iniectō|alt=iniectāre]]); Devoto took it from [[m|la|ēiectō|alt=ēiectāre|t=to throw out]] with the loss of the first vowel.^(DELI 1999)^(Devoto 1968) DEI, DELI and GDLI treat the Vulgar Latin form as unrecorded, while the TLIO, following the FEW, counts it as attested, and Wiktionary calls it Late Latin.^(TLIO)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The verb is pan-Romance except in Romanian, which kept the compound as [[ro|aiepta]]: [[fr|jeter]], [[oc|getar]], [[ca|getar]], [[es|echar]], [[pt|geitar]] and [[sc|bettare]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(DEI|1795)^(REW 1935) The simple verb has its present built on the perfect [[m|la|iēcī]], which matches [[grc|ἦκα|tr=hêka|t=I sent, I threw]]; it goes back to [[ine-pro|*(H)ieh₁-|t=to throw, let go]], the root of [[grc|ἵημι|tr=híēmi]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLIO's first record is in the Venetian ''Proverbia que dicuntur'' of the late 12th century.^(TLIO) DELI notes ''getà'' “they threw” in the ''Ritmo bellunese'' of 1193, though the pronunciation is uncertain, and dates ''gittare'' to Giordano da Pisa (before 1311) and ''gettare'' to the ''Tavola ritonda'' of the 14th century;^(DELI 1999) Dante uses both.^(DELI 1999) The first sense is “to fling something away from oneself”.^(DELI 1999)^(TLIO)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ For centuries ''gittare'' was a strong rival of ''gettare''.^(DELI 1999) Technical senses came early: casting molten metal or plaster in a mould (''gittare'' before 1348 in Giovanni Villani, preceded by Medieval Latin ''zetatum'' at Parma in 1255), pouring concrete, building a bridge across a gap (15th century), and figuratively laying the foundations of something (1354, Passavanti).^(DELI 1999) From the verb come ''gettata'' (before 1292), later also a breakwater (1798), which Nocentini sees as modelled on French ''jetée'', ''getto'' “throw, casting, jet” (before 1313), and ''gettito'' (before 1667), later also “yield, revenue” (1796).^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ Many idioms grew around it: ''gettare la spugna'' “to throw in the towel”, ''gettare olio sul fuoco'' “to add fuel to the fire”, and ''gettare la polvere negli occhi'' “to throw dust in someone's eyes”, which may follow French ''jeter la poudre aux yeux'', though its early Italian use leaves room for an independent origin.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 12th century – The ''Proverbia que dicuntur'' have the verb.^(TLIO)

+ * 1193 – The ''Ritmo bellunese'' has ''getà''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1255 – Medieval Latin ''zetatum'' “cast” is recorded at Parma.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1311 – Giordano da Pisa uses ''gittare''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1348 – Giovanni Villani uses it for casting metal.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 14th century – The ''Tavola ritonda'' has ''gettare''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1550 – Vasari uses ''gettare'' for pouring concrete.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|throw]], to [[m|en|fling]]: ''Ha gettato il sasso più lontano di tutti.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To throw away, to discard; to [[m|en|waste]] (money, time): ''Non gettare quel cappotto, è ancora buono.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # To push down, to knock to the ground: ''L'onda lo gettò sulla sabbia.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # To emit, to pour out (of a fountain or tap); of plants, to put out shoots: ''Le rose hanno già gettato i primi germogli.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To give out (a cry, a smell); to bring about suddenly; to plunge into a state: ''Quella lettera lo ha gettato nella disperazione.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To lay (blame) on someone.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # To [[m|en|cast]] in a mould, to pour (concrete): ''gettare una campana in bronzo''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # ''(reflexive, gettarsi)'' To throw oneself, to jump; to rush at something.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[getto]]

+ * [[gettata]]

+ * [[gettito]]

+ * [[gittata]]

+ * [[gitto]]

+ * [[sopraggitto]]

+ * [[gettacarte]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[aggetto]]

+ * [[giacere]]

+ * [[iettare]]

+ * [[iniettare]]

+ * [[oggetto]]

+ * [[progetto]]

+ * [[rigettare]]

+ * [[aggettivo]]

+ * [[soggetto]]

+ * [[la|iactō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Gettare'' and ''buttare'' are near synonyms;^(Wiktionary)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011) ''gittare'' is now only literary.^(Wiktionary)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011) ''Gettare giù'' means both “to demolish” and “to jot down” (a few lines).^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}