procedere Italian · revision 38730

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=second half of the 12th century|origins=la cēdō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /proˈt͡ʃɛ.de.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''procedere''' (first-person singular present procèdo, first-person singular past historic procedétti or (traditional) procedètti or procedéi, past participle procedùto, auxiliary (some meanings) èssere or (other meanings) avére)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a learned word, [[bor|la|prōcēdō|alt=prōcēdere|t=to go forward, advance]], from [[m|la|prō-|t=forward]] and [[m|la|cēdō|t=to go, advance]], also the source of [[cedere]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) The same Latin verb gave the learned [[fr|procéder]] and [[es|proceder]], and survives as a popular word in [[ro|purcede]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(DEI|3088) Southern dialects have derived adjectives such as [[scn|maluprucidusu|t=rash]].^(DEI|3088) [[procedura]] is not formed from the verb: it is [[fr|procédure]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ GRADIT, Devoto–Oli and Nocentini date the word to the second half of the 12th century.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Nocentini 2010) DELI's earliest dated sense is the legal one, “to take action at law”, in the Sienese statutes of 1298–1309;^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI|14, 430) Dante has “to derive, come from” in the ''Convivio'' (1304–1308) and “to go forward” in the ''Purgatorio'': “Poi fummo fatti soli procedendo” (“then, when we were left alone as we went on”).^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI|14, 430)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From “going forward” the verb moved to continuing in what one has begun (Alberto della Piagentina, before 1332), to behaving or acting in a certain way (Berni, before 1535), and to running one's course, said of things (Guicciardini, before 1540).^(DELI 1999) The noun ''procedimento'' is recorded before 1294 in Guittone d'Arezzo.^(DELI 1999) In theology the Holy Spirit is said to proceed from the Father.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ The old past participle ''processo'' gave way to ''proceduto''.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010) French ''procédure'' was borrowed as ''procedura'', “way of proceeding”, in 1638, and in the legal sense by Goldoni in 1747.^(DELI 1999) In legal language ''non luogo a procedere'' is the ruling that there are no grounds to bring a case.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Second half of the 12th century – ''Procedere'' is first recorded.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * Before 1294 – Guittone d'Arezzo uses ''procedimento''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1298–1309 – The Sienese statutes use ''procedere'' in the legal sense.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1304–1308 – Dante uses it for “to derive” in the ''Convivio''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1332 – Alberto della Piagentina uses it for “to continue”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1535 – Berni uses it for “to behave”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1638 – ''Procedura'' is borrowed from French.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|advance]], to go forward: ''Il corteo procedeva lentamente verso la piazza.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # Of an activity or a period: to go on, to run its course: ''Come procedono i lavori in cucina?''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To continue in something begun: ''procedere nella lettura''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # To act, to behave in a certain way: ''Bisogna procedere con prudenza.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To [[m|en|proceed]] to, to start (with ''a''): ''Il presidente procede allo scrutinio delle schede.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(law)'' To take legal action (with ''contro'').^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # To derive, to originate (with ''da''); ''(theology)'' of the Holy Spirit, to proceed from the Father.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[procedimento]]

+ * [[procedibile]]

+ * [[procedibilità]]

+ * [[procedenza]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[procedura]]

+ * [[processione]]

+ * [[processo]]

+ * [[procedurale]]

+ * [[cedere]]

+ * [[precedere]]

+ * [[la|procedo]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Procedere'' takes ''essere'' when it means moving forward or of things running their course, and ''avere'' when it means acting, starting or suing; usage varies for the first sense.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011) The past historic is ''procedetti'' or, less often, ''procedei''.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010) GDLI also records an old ''procedere'' “to precede”, a variant of ''precedere'' with the prefix changed.^(GDLI|14, 435)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}