guberno Latin · revision 3868

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=Ennius|origins=grc κυβερνάω}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ɡʊˈbɛr.noː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ɡuˈbɛr.no]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''gubernō''' (present infinitive gubernāre, perfect active gubernāvī, supine gubernātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|grc|κυβερνάω|tr=kubernáō|t=to steer]].^(OLD 2012)^(Saalfeld 1874)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Ennius has “while I hold the tiller straight and steer the ship”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Köbler dates Ennius 204–169 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its first sense was to steer a ship, as Cicero's sailors contending over who should steer.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ''Gubernare e terra'', to steer from the shore, was a proverb in Livy for advising from safety.^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ Figuratively it meant to direct, control or govern, as Cicero's rights governed at the nod of a courtesan.^(OLD 2012) Its derivatives include [[gubernator|alt=gubernātor]] “helmsman” and [[gubernaculum|alt=gubernāculum]] “rudder”.^(Wiktionary) Romance kept it, as French [[m|fr|gouverner]], and English ''govern'' came through Old French in the late 13th century.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of steering a ship.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of governing.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses the proverb ''gubernare e terra''.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 13th century – English ''govern'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|steer]], pilot (a ship).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To direct, control, [[m|en|govern]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[aggubernō]]

+ * [[gubernābilis]]

+ * [[gubernāculum]]

+ * [[gubernātiō]]

+ * [[gubernātor]]

+ * [[gubernātrix]]

+ * [[gubernio]]

+ * [[gubernius]]

+ * [[gubernum]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[gubernātīvus]]

+ * [[en|govern]]

+ * [[en|government]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}