changement French · revision 38651

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=early 12th century, Oxford Psalter|origins=la-lat cambiō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ʃɑ̃ʒ.mɑ̃/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''changement''' ''m'' (plural changements)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|cangement]] (early 12th century) and [[m|fro|chaingement]] (late 12th century).^(TLFi) Anglo-Norman also wrote [[m|xno|chanjement]].^(AND)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|fr|changer|-ment|t1=to change]], formed in Old French.^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Wiktionary) The verb continues [[la-lat|cambiō|t=to exchange, barter]], which Bloch and Wartburg trace to a Gaulish word, comparing [[mga|cimb|t=tribute]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ Littré lists the Romance parallels [[oc|cambiamen]], [[es|cambiamiento]] and [[it|cambiamento]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first found as ''cangement'' in the Oxford Psalter, early in the 12th century, meaning the act of changing, a [[m|en|mutation]].^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005) The GLLF dates this first record to about 1120 and finds the sense “replacement of one person or thing by another” in the ''Antéchrist'', early in the 13th century.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the start the noun covered both the act of changing and its result, and it has kept that breadth; the Old French noun [[change]] also meant “change” until the 17th century, before it specialised in money-changing and exchange.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992) Littré already records ''changement'' as a theatre term, the change of scenery, and the phrase ''changement à vue'', a scene change made in view of the audience without lowering the curtain.^(Littré 1873)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ The technical ''changement de vitesse'', the gear system of a motor vehicle, is recorded by Larousse in 1929.^(GLLF 1989) In everyday French the word also names a change of trains or underground lines.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Early 12th century – ''Cangement'' in the Oxford Psalter.^(TLFi)

+ * Late 12th century – The spelling ''chaingemenz'' in the Sermons of Saint Bernard.^(TLFi)

+ * Early 13th century – Used for the replacement of one thing by another, in the ''Antéchrist''.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1929 – Larousse records ''changement de vitesse''.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|change]], [[m|en|alteration]] of a quality or state: ''changement d'humeur'', ''changement de cap''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # The fact of no longer being the same; a change in a person.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # The [[m|en|replacement]] of one thing or person by another: ''changement de nom'', ''changement de voiture'', ''changement d'heure'', the switch between summer and winter time.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''Le changement'': change in general, novelty, the breaking of habits.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # A [[m|en|connection]] when travelling by train or underground.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # ''Changement de vitesse'': the [[m|en|gear]] system of a vehicle, or its gear lever.^(GLLF 1989)^(Larousse)

+ # ''(theatre)'' ''Changement à vue'': a scene change made without lowering the curtain.^(Littré 1873)^(Larousse)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[changer]]

+ * [[change]]

+ * [[rechange]]

+ * [[la-lat|cambiō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}