résistance French · revision 38633

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=borrowing|attested=late 13th century, Mahieu le Vilain|origins=la sistō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ʁe.zis.tɑ̃s/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''résistance''' ''f'' (plural résistances)^(Wiktionary)

+ First written ''resistence'' (late 13th century); ''resistance'' is found from about 1375, and Paré writes ''résistance'' about 1560.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la-lat|resistentia|t=resistance]], an ecclesiastical Late Latin word of the late 4th or early 5th century, from [[m|la|resistō|t=to stand still; to withstand]], the source of [[résister]].^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)^(Littré 1873) The Latin verb is formed from [[m|la|re-]] and [[m|la|sistō|t=to stop, stand]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) The Grand Robert, the GLLF and Bloch and Wartburg treat the noun instead as derived in French from the verb.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ Compare [[pro|resistencia]], [[es|resistencia]] and [[it|resistenza]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first found at the end of the 13th century in Mahieu le Vilain's translation of Aristotle's ''Meteorology'', as ''resistence'', for the quality by which one body withstands the action of another.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ All the physical senses were already present in medieval French: Oresme (about 1370–1375) uses the word for a force that opposes or cancels another and for the quality of what holds out.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) ''Pièce de résistance'', a substantial dish, is recorded by the Académie in 1798.^(TLFi) Science developed the concrete sense: ''résistance des matériaux'' (1875) and, in electricity, the ratio of voltage to current (1883) and, by metonymy, a conductor made to give off heat (1883), a sense that passed into everyday use.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)

+

+ The word was used of armed defence against force from 1404 (Christine de Pizan), of moral resistance from 1527 and of resisting authority from 1530;^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Marguerite de Navarre used it of refusing a lover (1549).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) The Revolution gave the ''droit de résistance à l'oppression'' (1791), and under the July Monarchy the ''parti de la Résistance'' was the conservative party, opposed to the ''parti du mouvement''.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) In June 1940 de Gaulle spoke of ''la flamme de la résistance française'', and ''la Résistance'' became the name of the struggle against the German occupation and of the movements that carried it on.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) In psychoanalysis the word is recorded from 1907.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 13th century – ''Resistence'' in Mahieu le Vilain.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1375 – The sense in physics, in Oresme.^(TLFi)

+ * 1404 – Armed resistance, in Christine de Pizan.^(TLFi)

+ * 1530 – Resistance to established authority, in Palsgrave.^(TLFi)

+ * 1791 – ''Droit de résistance à l'oppression''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1798 – ''Pièce de résistance'' in the Académie dictionary.^(TLFi)

+ * 1842 – ''Parti de la résistance'' in the Académie's supplement.^(TLFi)

+ * 1883 – Electrical resistance.^(TLFi)

+ * 1907 – The psychoanalytic sense.^(TLFi)

+ * 1940 – De Gaulle's ''la flamme de la résistance française''.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The fact of withstanding a force or action: ''la résistance d'un métal à la corrosion''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+ # A force that opposes another: ''la résistance de l'air''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+ # ''(science)'' The capacity to withstand a force, ''résistance des matériaux'', the [[m|en|strength of materials]].^(Petit Robert 2007)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(electricity)'' Electrical [[m|en|resistance]]; a [[m|en|resistor]] or heating element: ''la résistance d'un grille-pain''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+ # Strength, [[m|en|endurance]]: ''manquer de résistance''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Plat de résistance'': the main course of a meal.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+ # Opposition to an attack or to authority; refusal to obey: ''opposer une résistance farouche''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+ # ''(historical)'' ''La Résistance'': the French Resistance to the German occupation in the Second World War.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(psychoanalysis)'' Unconscious opposition to bringing repressed material to light.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[résistanciel]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[résister]]

+ * [[résistant]]

+ * [[la|resistentia]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}