réserve French · revision 38629

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1342|origins=la reservō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ʁe.zɛʁv/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''réserve''' ''f'' (plural réserves)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a deverbal noun [[der|fr|réserver|t=to reserve, keep back]], first found in 1342 as a legal term.^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(GLLF 1989)^(FEW|10, 295b) The verb, recorded from the 12th century, was borrowed from [[la|reservō|t=to keep back, save]], formed with the intensive prefix [[m|la|re-]] on [[m|la|servō|t=to keep, preserve]];^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992) in the early Middle Ages the Latin verb was already used in law for setting apart, in a contract, a right that could be invoked later.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Its first record, in accounts of building work in Saintonge (1342), is a clause that modifies and limits a contract, a right kept back for the future.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the legal clause came the general idea of restriction: ''sans réserve'' “without restriction” is found in Chastellain in the middle of the 15th century, and ''réserve'' for a restriction or exception in 1628.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) ''À la réserve de'' “except for” (1629) and ''à la réserve que'' “except that” (1671) are now archaic.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) ''Sous réserve'' appears in the Civil Code of 1804 and ''sous toute réserve'' in Nerval (1843);^(TLFi) ''faire des réserves'', at first to keep back a disagreement to be voiced later, is recorded in 1870 and now means to voice it.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) In law the word also named the share of an estate that the testator cannot freely dispose of (1636).^(TLFi)

+

+ The idea of something kept for later gave ''en réserve'' (about 1460), ''vin de réserve'' and ''mettre en réserve'' in Ronsard (1550, 1555), and ''réserves'', stores of goods or money, in Montaigne.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) In military use ''hommes de réserve'' is found in Calvin (1535) and ''corps de réserve'' in 1667; at the Revolution (1791) the reserve became the citizens liable to be called up who were no longer on active service, the source of [[réserviste]] (1872).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ Places set apart followed: a forest kept for later felling (1765), a hunting ground reserved to its owner (Académie, 1798), the part of a library holding rare books (1854), a storeroom, and land reserved for indigenous peoples (1868, Jules Verne).^(TLFi) The moral sense, discretion and restraint, is found in Madame de Sévigné in 1664.^(TLFi) ''Réserve naturelle'' was recorded by the Académie in 1935.^(BHVF)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1342 – First recorded, for a restrictive clause in a contract.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1460 – ''Sans réserve'' and ''en réserve'', in Chastellain.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1535 – ''Hommes de réserve'' in Calvin.^(TLFi)

+ * 1550 – ''Vin de réserve'' in Ronsard.^(TLFi)

+ * 1628 – “Restriction, exception”, in Stoer's dictionary.^(TLFi)

+ * 1664 – Madame de Sévigné uses it for discretion and restraint.^(TLFi)

+ * 1667 – ''Corps de réserve''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1791 – The ''réserve nationale'' of citizens liable to call-up.^(TLFi)

+ * 1804 – ''Sous réserve'' in the Civil Code.^(TLFi)

+ * 1868 – A territory reserved for the native population, in Jules Verne.^(TLFi)

+ * 1872 – The derivative ''réserviste''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(law)'' A restrictive [[m|en|clause]] added so as not to be bound by an obligation.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi) ''Faire des réserves'': to express doubts or reservations about something.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+ # ''Sous réserve'', ''sous réserve de'': on [[m|en|condition]], subject to, ''sous toutes réserves'': without guarantee.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # ''Sans réserve'': without restriction, wholeheartedly: ''une confiance sans réserve''.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''(law)'' The share of an [[m|en|estate]] that the law reserves for certain heirs.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+ # [[m|en|discretion|alt=Discretion]], restraint in speech and behaviour.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi) ''Être, se tenir sur la réserve'': to keep one's distance.^(Petit Robert 2007) ''Devoir de réserve'': a civil servant's duty to express opinions with discretion.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+ # A [[m|en|stock]] or supply kept for later use: ''des réserves de vivres'', ''les réserves de pétrole''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary) ''En réserve'': set aside.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(military)'' Troops kept back to intervene when needed; the part of a country's forces that can be called up.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|storeroom]]; the part of a museum or library where items not on display are kept.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A protected area: ''réserve naturelle'', ''réserve de chasse''.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # A [[m|en|reservation]], land set aside for indigenous peoples.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # ''(North America, bowling)'' A [[m|en|spare]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[réserviste]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[réserver]]

+ * [[réservé]]

+ * [[réservoir]]

+ * [[la|reservō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}