procès French · revision 38622

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1174, Étienne de Fougères|origins=la prōcēdō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /pʁɔ.sɛ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''procès''' ''m'' (invariable)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|proçais]], [[m|fro|prociès]] and [[m|fro|prochès]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la-med|processus]], the legal term for a proceeding before a court (13th century), from [[la|prōcessus|t=a going forward, progress]], the action noun of [[m|la|prōcēdō|t=to go forward]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|9, 411a) The older sense “development” came from the Classical Latin word.^(TLFi) It is a doublet of [[processus]].^(Wiktionary) As a legal term it is also found in Old Gascon from 1270 or 1278.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Cognate with [[pro|proces]], [[es|proceso]] and [[it|processo]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first found about 1174 in Étienne de Fougères, for a legal title or contract.^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992) The TLFi's first record is in 1250, meaning “development, course”.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The early legal senses, a title, a written record, a document, faded as the stress moved from the written act to the procedure, and in 1324 the word took its modern sense of a case brought before a court.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) Phrases followed: ''être en procès'' (1341), ''faire le procès à quelqu'un'' (1639, Rotrou)^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) and ''sans autre forme de procès'' (1609), which began as a legal phrase.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Used figuratively, ''faire le procès à quelqu'un'' came to mean attacking someone's conduct.^(TLFi)

+

+ The sense “development, course” survived in learned use,^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) and in anatomy it names an outgrowth, as in ''procès ciliaires'' (1665).^(TLFi) Linguists adopted it in the 20th century for what the verb expresses (1927 or 1933).^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1174 – Étienne de Fougères uses it for a legal title.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1250 – In the sense “development, course”.^(TLFi)

+ * 1324 – A case brought before a court.^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1341 – ''Être en procès''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1367 – The compound ''procès-verbal''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1575 – Ambroise Paré uses it in anatomy.^(TLFi)

+ * 1609 – ''Sans autre forme de procès''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1639 – ''Faire le procès à quelqu'un'' in Rotrou.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|lawsuit]], a dispute brought before a court: ''intenter un procès'', ''gagner son procès''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|trial]]: ''un procès criminel''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Faire le procès de'': to put on trial, ''(figurative)'' to criticize severely.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''Sans autre forme de procès'': without further ado.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(anatomy)'' A projecting part, [[m|en|process]]: ''procès ciliaires''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+ # ''(linguistics)'' The action or state that a verb expresses.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''(dated or technical)'' Development, course.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[processif]]

+ * [[procès-verbal]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[processus]]

+ * [[procéder]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Procès d'intention'' is the charge of holding bad intentions without evidence of them.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}