alius Latin · revision 3860

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Livius Andronicus|origins=ine-pro *h₂el-io-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈa.li.ʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈaː.li.us]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''alius''' (feminine alia, neuter aliud); first/second-declension determiner (pronominal declension or non-pronominal declension)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*al-jo-|t=another]], [[inh|ine-pro|*h₂el-io-|t=another]].^(de Vaan 2008) Wiktionary traces the PIE word to a root [[ine-pro|*h₂el-|t=beyond, other]].^(Wiktionary) The neuter [[m|la|alid]] for [[m|la|aliud]] in Catullus is explained by de Vaan as a shortened form or as modelled on [[quis|alt=quid]] and [[is|alt=id]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ Cognate with [[osc|allo]], [[xum|arsir]], [[sga|aile|t=other]], [[grc|ἄλλος|tr=állos|t=other]], [[xcl|այլ|tr=ayl]] and [[got|𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌹𐍃|tr=aljis|t=other]].^(de Vaan 2008) Its Proto-Germanic relative [[m|gem-pro|*aljaz]] gave English [[m|en|else]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Livius Andronicus onwards.^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler's first source is Naevius (c. 235–200 BC).^(Köbler 2010) In Plautus a woman says she abandoned a baby and “another woman” picked it up.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its basic sense was “different in identity, other”, and repeated it marked contrasts, as ''alius … alius'', “one … another”.^(OLD 2012) It also meant an additional one, ''alius atque alius'' “one after another”, the rest of something, and something strange or new, as Cicero's “other ceremonies, other priests”.^(OLD 2012) Used as a pronoun it meant another person or thing, and in the neuter something else, as Terence's “I fear I may believe one thing and report another”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Latin used ''alius'' of more than two and ''alter'' of two, with some exceptions.^(Georges 1913)^(Gaffiot 2016) Its derivatives include [[aliēnus|alt=aliēnus]] “belonging to others”, [[aliquis|alt=aliquis]] “someone” and [[alter|alt=alter]] “the other”.^(de Vaan 2008) English ''alien'' comes from ''aliēnus'' through Old French.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 280/260–before 200 BC – Livius Andronicus uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius uses it.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of “another woman” and of other persons.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence contrasts ''aliud'' with ''aliud'', one thing with another.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1300 – English ''alien'' comes from its derivative ''aliēnus''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Determiner===

+ # Other, [[m|en|different]] (in identity).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(repeated)'' ''alius … alius'': one … another; some … others.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Additional, further, another.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''alius atque alius'': one after another, more and more.^(OLD 2012)

+ # The rest of, the other.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Strange, new, different from the familiar.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(as a pronoun)'' Another person, ''(neuter)'' something else.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Second, ''alius ab'', different from.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[abaliud]]

+ * [[alibī]]

+ * [[aliēnus]]

+ * [[aliōquī]]

+ * [[aliōrsum]]

+ * [[aliquantus]]

+ * [[aliquī]]

+ * [[aliquis]]

+ * [[aliquot]]

+ * [[aliubī]]

+ * [[aliunde]]

+ * [[aliquilibet]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[hic]]

+ * [[is]]

+ * [[quisque]]

+ * [[quispiam]]

+ * [[eiusmodī]]

+ * [[eiusdemmodī]]

+ * [[cuiusmodī]]

+ * [[cuiusmodīcumque]]

+ * [[cuiusvīsmodī]]

+ * [[cuiusquemodī]]

+ * [[alter]]

+ * [[en|alien]]

+ * [[en|else]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Georges and Gaffiot note that ''alius'' refers to one of several, while ''alter'' is used of one of two.^(Georges 1913)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}