rischiare Italian · revision 38534

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1314}}

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+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /risˈkja.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''rischiare''' (first-person singular present rìschio, first-person singular past historic rischiài, past participle rischiàto, auxiliary avére or (alternatively when impersonal) èssere)^(Wiktionary)

+ The Tuscan variant [[risicare]] (16th century) comes from the old variant ''rìsico'' of the noun.^(Nocentini 2010)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|it|rischio|-are]], from the noun [[rischio]] “risk”.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) Nocentini dates it to 1314, DELI to Francesco da Barberino (before 1348).^(Nocentini 2010)^(DELI 1999) The noun is a word of medieval trade whose origin is disputed: Nocentini follows the Kahanes in tracing it through Byzantine Greek to [[ar|رزق|tr=rizq|t=provision, lot]], while others derive it from [[la|resecō|t=to cut off]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(DELI 1999) Devoto explained the verb directly from an iterative [[la-med|*reseclō|alt=*reseclare]] of that verb.^(Devoto 1968)

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+ The older [[arrischiare]] (before 1274) is formed with the prefix [[a-]].^(Nocentini 2010)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Francesco da Barberino uses the verb transitively, “to put at risk”: “E rischiar è men male / gli pochi” (and it is a lesser evil to risk the few).^(DELI 1999)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The intransitive use, “to run the risk (of doing something)”, is dated by DELI only to Palazzi's dictionary of 1939–40, and the impersonal ''rischia di piovere'' (it may well rain) is a modern development.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003) Tommaseo noted that Tuscan preferred ''risicare'' and ''arrischiare'';^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)^(Nocentini 2010)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) ''risicare'' now survives in the proverb ''chi non risica non rosica'' (nothing ventured, nothing gained).^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)^(Nocentini 2010)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

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+ By antiphrasis ''rischiare di vincere'' means coming close to an unexpected success.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Before 1274 – ''Arrischiare'' is recorded.^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * 1314 – ''Rischiare'' is first recorded.^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * Before 1348 – Francesco da Barberino uses it for “to put at risk”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 16th century – The Tuscan variant ''risicare'' is recorded.^(Nocentini 2010)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ * 1939–1940 – Palazzi records the intransitive “to run the risk”.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|risk]], to [[m|en|jeopardize]]: to expose something to the danger of being lost or harmed; also without object: ''Ha rischiato tutti i suoi risparmi in quell'affare'', ''con questo tempo è meglio non rischiare.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To face, to narrowly escape something bad: ''rischiare il posto'', to be in danger of losing one's job.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To run the risk of doing something (with ''di'' and an infinitive): ''Se non ci sbrighiamo rischiamo di perdere il treno.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(impersonal)'' To be likely, to threaten: ''rischia di grandinare.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To come close to an unexpected success: ''rischiare di vincere.''^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[arrischiare]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[rischio]]

+ * [[rischioso]]

+ * [[risicare]]

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+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Rischiare l'osso del collo'' means to risk one's neck.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) Impersonal ''rischiare'' takes ''essere'' or ''avere''.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}