ristorante Italian · revision 38489

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing, calque|attested=1798, Giovanni Battista Casti|origins=la restaurō}}

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+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ris.toˈran.te/^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Forms==

+ '''ristorante''' ''m'' (plural ristoranti)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|fr|restaurant]], the present participle of [[m|fr|restaurer|t=to restore]] used as a noun, given the form of the Italian participle of [[ristorare]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026) Zingarelli, Gabrielli, the GDLI and Devoto call it a calque on the French word, and Wiktionary describes it as the noun use of the Italian participle.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Gabrielli 2020)^(GDLI)^(Devoto 1968)^(Wiktionary) Both verbs go back to [[la|restaurō|t=to renew, repair]], whose Italian outcome had narrowed to “to give back strength, to feed”.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)

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+ The French name belonged to the first such establishment, opened in Paris in 1765, which served broths, poultry and grapes but not the stews of the ordinary eating house.^(Prati 1951)^(DEI|3265) The French form itself was also used in Italy in the 19th century, and railway stations displayed [[ristoratore]], from [[fr|restaurateur]].^(Prati 1951)^(DEI|3265)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ GRADIT, Zingarelli and DIFIT date the word to 1798, in the letters of Giovanni Battista Casti;^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(DIFIT)^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) DELI, Nocentini and Devoto–Oli give 1877, the dictionary of Fanfani and Arlìa, as the first record of the sense “public place where meals are served”.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(DIFIT)^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) As late as 1872 Tommaseo's dictionary knew ''ristorante'' only as a participle and as a noun for a food or drink that restores strength.^(DELI 1999)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The purist Costantino Arlìa grumbled that the word was the French ''restaurant'' pure and simple, but let it pass: since eating restores the body's strength, the place where one is restored may well be named after it.^(GDLI) Placed after another noun it describes a place that also serves meals: ''vagone ristorante'' “dining car” is recorded in 1936 in Emilio Cecchi, and ''albergo ristorante'' and ''caffè ristorante'' are common.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) A ''ristorante'' is usually ranked above a ''trattoria'' or an ''osteria''.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(GDLI) The diminutive is ''ristorantino''.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

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+ English borrowed ''ristorante'' in 1925 for an Italian restaurant, and German uses ''Ristorante'' in the same way.^(DIFIT)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1765 – The first ''restaurant'' opens in Paris.^(Prati 1951)^(DEI|3265)

+ * 1798 – Giovanni Battista Casti uses ''ristorante'' in his letters.^(GRADIT 2003)^(DIFIT)

+ * 1872 – Tommaseo still records only “restorative food or drink”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1877 – Fanfani and Arlìa record ''ristorante'' “eating house”.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * 1925 – English ''ristorante'' is first recorded.^(DIFIT)

+ * 1936 – Emilio Cecchi writes ''vagone ristorante''.^(DELI 1999)

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+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|restaurant]]: a public establishment where full meals are cooked and served at table: ''Per l'anniversario abbiamo prenotato in un ristorante sul lago.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

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+ ===Adjective===

+ # ''(invariable, after a noun)'' Offering a restaurant service: ''carrozza ristorante'', ''albergo ristorante''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

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+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ristorantino]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ristorare]]

+ * [[ristoratore]]

+ * [[fr|restaurant]]

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+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Ristorante'' is also, rarely, the present participle of ''ristorare'' “restoring, reviving”;^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010) GRADIT marks this use obsolete.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010) Manzoni speaks of the ''coppa ristorante'', the reviving cup that the ancients offered to a man condemned to torture.^(GDLI)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}